{"id":1009,"date":"2012-01-25T15:59:39","date_gmt":"2012-01-25T14:59:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/01\/25\/jan-evangelista-purkyn\/"},"modified":"2012-01-25T15:59:39","modified_gmt":"2012-01-25T14:59:39","slug":"jan-evangelista-purkyn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/01\/25\/jan-evangelista-purkyn\/","title":{"rendered":"Jan Evangelista Purkyn\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-1008\" style=\"float: left;\" alt=\"purkyne\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/purkyne.jpg\" width=\"120\" height=\"142\" \/><em><strong>Jan Evangelista Purkyn\u011b (17. \u0159\u00edjna 1787 v Libochovic\u00edch, 28. \u010dervence 1869 v Praze)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Kdy\u017e vstoupil v roce 1823 nov\u011b jmenovan\u00fd profesor fyziologie vratislavsk\u00e9 university <em>Jan Evangelista Purkyn\u011b<\/em> na jej\u00ed akademickou p\u016fdu, prot\u00e1hlo se n\u011bkolik obli\u010dej\u016f nelibost\u00ed. Universita si vybrala kandid\u00e1ta jin\u00e9ho \u2014 z Mnichova. Co m\u016f\u017ee vzej\u00edt velk\u00e9ho z mal\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed uprost\u0159ed Rakouska? To Purkyn\u011b okam\u017eit\u011b vyc\u00edtil. Za\u010dal boj \u010destn\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka, j\u00edm\u017e byl a zastal cel\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><\/strong> <!--more--> <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dal se do pr\u00e1ce s hou\u017eevnatost\u00ed a p\u00edl\u00ed vpravd\u011b tit\u00e1nskou. I tentokr\u00e1t mu p\u0159\u00e1la \u0161\u0165astn\u00e1 n\u00e1hoda (jako u\u017e mnohokr\u00e1t p\u0159edt\u00edm a vlastn\u011b pak cel\u00fd \u017eivot). Prusk\u00fd ministr z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed u\u010debn\u00edch mu v\u011bnoval obnos na zakoupen\u00ed velk\u00e9ho Pl\u00f6sslova mikroskopu. T\u00edm jeho v\u011bdeck\u00e1 i pedagogick\u00e1 \u010dinnost z\u00edskala na intenzit\u011b i p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divosti. B\u011bhem dvou let se v\u0161echny pochybnosti o Purky\u0148ov\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00e9 fundovanosti rozpt\u00fdlily. Kdy\u017e vydobyl pro sv\u00e9 studenty laborato\u0159 a s\u00e1m horliv\u011b \u0159\u00eddil jej\u00ed p\u0159estavbu, zapomn\u011bli i ti nejzatvrzelej\u0161\u00ed odp\u016frci na svou averzi. O \u010dty\u0159i roky pozd\u011bji zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 Purkyn\u011b prvn\u00ed samostatn\u00fd fyziologick\u00fd \u00fastav p\u0159i l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 fakult\u011b vratislavsk\u00e9 university.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To u\u017e zn\u00e1 jeho jm\u00e9no cel\u00fd vzd\u011blan\u00fd sv\u011bt. Po osmn\u00e1cti letech plodn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce ve Vratislavi p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na pra\u017eskou universitu v\u011bdec, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 za sebou nejen \u0159adu publikac\u00ed, Monthyonskou cenu francouzsk\u00e9 akademie, ale i kus vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed pedagogick\u00e9 a osv\u011btov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Ve Vratislavi p\u016fsobil ve dvou spolc\u00edch. Byl \u010dlenem vlasteneck\u00e9 slezsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 pe\u010dovala o vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a sdru\u017eovala reprezentanty v\u0161ech v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f. Fundovan\u00ed v\u011bdci zde p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161eli o objevech ze sv\u00e9ho oboru. Druh\u00e1 spole\u010dnost filomathick\u00e1, jej\u00edm\u017e byl Purkyn\u011b rovn\u011b\u017e \u010dlenem, sdru\u017eovala z\u00e1jemce o voln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed diskusi. Zde spolu hovo\u0159ili filologov\u00e9,&nbsp; historici, l\u00e9ka\u0159i, pedagogov\u00e9 a theologov\u00e9. V obou spolc\u00edch Purkyn\u011b p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161el, debatoval, vedle toho neust\u00e1le objevoval, u\u010dil a publikoval. Na\u0161el si \u010das, aby zvl\u00e1dl litev\u0161tinu natolik, \u017ee p\u0159ekvapil&nbsp;&nbsp; filomathickou spole\u010dnost v\u00fdkladem o n\u00e1rodn\u00edch zp\u011bvech litevsk\u00fdch. V\u011bdu miloval. D\u016fkazem toho je i skute\u010dnost, \u017ee p\u016fsoben\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny nov\u00fdch l\u00e1tek nebo fyziologick\u00fdch \u00fakaz\u016f zkou\u0161el s\u00e1m na sob\u011b. Prop\u016fj\u010dil se z kolegiality i k pokusu sv\u00e9ho kolegy, profesora chemie dr. Pleischla. \u0160lo o \u00fa\u010dinky emetinu, d\u00e1v\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky z ko\u0159ene ipekakuany.&nbsp; Po \u010dase pak s humorem vzpom\u00edn\u00e1, jak si nadlouho vyp\u011bstoval reflex o\u0161klivosti p\u0159i spat\u0159en\u00ed hn\u011bd\u00e9 barvy \u2014 barvy emetinu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jen pro \u00faplnost je nutn\u00e9 uv\u00e9st n\u011bkolik z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f o oborech Purky\u0148ovy p\u016fsobnosti. V \u010dasopise \u017diva, kter\u00fd s\u00e1m zalo\u017eil, publikoval pr\u00e1ce o metod\u00e1ch vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed zraku, o z\u00e1vrati, tr\u00e1ven\u00ed, mikroskopick\u00e9 skladb\u011b roslin, k\u016f\u017ee, \u017el\u00e1z, zub\u016f, kost\u00ed, chrupavky, srdce, nerv\u016f aj. Velice r\u00e1d uv\u00e1d\u011bl fyziologick\u00e9 jevy do souvislosti s psychologi\u00ed. Pod\u00edlel se vypracov\u00e1n\u00edm mnoha hesel na tvorb\u011b velk\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho encyklopedick\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek o podobnosti sn\u011bn\u00ed s bd\u011bl\u00fdm stavem napsal roku 1821 do \u010dasopisu Hesperos. Ve filosofick\u00e9m z\u00e1v\u011bru shrnuje: \u201eTajemn\u00e1 cesta vede do vnitra. \u2014 Kde v\u00edra, a l\u00e1ska, osln\u011bny v\u011bd\u011bn\u00edm, v \u010diny se utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed, tam\u0165 jest to prav\u00e9 probuzen\u00ed, by\u0165 to i ve sn\u00e1ch bylo. Uprost\u0159ed tv\u00e9ho ducha s\u00eddl\u00ed to prav\u00e9 probuzen\u00ed, net\u0159eba ho hledati v oborech jin\u00e9ho \u017eivobyt\u00ed.&#8220; Jeho hum\u00e1nn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k \u010dlov\u011bku i v\u011bd\u011b, zd\u016fraz\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed etick\u00fdch a estetick\u00fdch hodnot se prol\u00edn\u00e1 jeho \u017eivotem jako vz\u00e1cn\u00fd tmel. \u00dacta k rodn\u00e9mu jazyku ho p\u0159ivedla do sporu s takovou jazykov\u011bdnou kapacitou, jako byl Josef Jungmann, kter\u00fd tvrdil na po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed, \u017ee \u010desk\u00fd jazyk nen\u00ed dosti zp\u016fsobil\u00fd, aby mohl vyjad\u0159ovat v\u011bdeckou terminologii. Jungmann o n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji ve sv\u00e9m zral\u00e9m d\u00edle \u201eSlovesnost&#8220; tuto svou p\u016fvodn\u00ed my\u0161lenku vlastn\u011b pop\u00edr\u00e1, co\u017e Purkyn\u011b s povd\u011bkem kvituje. Purkyn\u011b prosazoval \u010de\u0161tinu na universit\u011b s velikou vehemenc\u00ed a usiloval o z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed akademie v\u011bd. Byl spoluzakladatelem \u201e\u010casopisu l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f \u010cesk\u00fdch&#8220; a \u201eSpolku \u010desk\u00fdch l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f&#8220;. Navrhl&nbsp;&nbsp; reformy u\u010den\u00ed na vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a cht\u011bl se v\u011bnovat systematick\u00e9 v\u00fdchov\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 nadan\u00fdch jedinc\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Svou prac\u00ed \u201eEmpiricko-psychologick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k funkc\u00ed oka&#8220; si z\u00edskal p\u0159\u00edze\u0148 G\u00f6thovu, s n\u00edm\u017e si dopisoval a pozd\u011bji tak\u00e9 jeho a Schillerovy b\u00e1sn\u011b p\u0159ekl\u00e1dal do \u010de\u0161tiny. Nebylo by \u00fanosn\u00e9 hromadit materi\u00e1ly o Purky\u0148ov\u011b z\u00e1slu\u017en\u011b \u010dinnosti v\u011bdeck\u00e9, vlasteneck\u00e9 i osv\u011btov\u00e9. Zd\u00e1 se neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9, \u017ee jeden lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot dok\u00e1\u017ee obs\u00e1hnout d\u00edlo tak gigantick\u00e9 bez jak\u00e9hokoliv n\u00e1znaku velik\u00e1\u0161stv\u00ed nebo nad\u0159azenosti. Tento \u010dlov\u011bk dok\u00e1zal citliv\u011b p\u0159istupovat k lidsk\u00e9 b\u00edd\u011b i utrpen\u00ed. Pom\u00e1hal vydatn\u011b velk\u00fdmi pen\u011b\u017eit\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stkami spisovatelce Bo\u017een\u011b N\u011bmcov\u00e9. N\u00e1\u0161 mal\u00fd n\u00e1rod m\u011bl a m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 velik\u00e1ny. Byli a jsou to v\u017edycky lid\u00e9 ducha a nen\u00ed s\u00edly, kter\u00e1 by zni\u010dila tah velk\u00e9 hodnoty.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Archiv NoS<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jan Evangelista Purkyn\u011b (17. \u0159\u00edjna 1787 v Libochovic\u00edch, 28. \u010dervence 1869 v Praze) Kdy\u017e vstoupil v roce 1823 nov\u011b jmenovan\u00fd<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1008,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[6],"tags":[142,136,39],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1009"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1009"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1009\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1008"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1009"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}