{"id":1035,"date":"2012-02-11T10:49:08","date_gmt":"2012-02-11T09:49:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/02\/11\/komunismus-a-faismus-23\/"},"modified":"2012-02-11T10:49:08","modified_gmt":"2012-02-11T09:49:08","slug":"komunismus-a-faismus-23","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/02\/11\/komunismus-a-faismus-23\/","title":{"rendered":"Komunismus a fa\u0161ismus (23)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-3\" style=\"float: left;\" alt=\"logo\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/10\/logo.jpg\" width=\"120\" height=\"91\" \/>3. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ideje socialismu \/komunismu\/<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>b\/ Idea kvalitativn\u00ed zm\u011bny spole\u010dnosti \/idea revoluce\/<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> <!--more--> <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pro socialisty byla p\u016fvodn\u011b idea revoluce zcela p\u0159irozenou. Ani sou\u010dasn\u00e1 kapitalistick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost neodstranila odd\u011blen\u00ed vlastn\u00edk\u016f a n\u00e1mezdn\u00edch pracovn\u00edk\u016f. Av\u0161ak p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny vyhrocen\u00ed p\u00f3lu bohatstv\u00ed a chudoby, moci a bezmoci, jsou dnes zaml\u017eeny. Do hry vlastn\u00edk\u016f zas\u00e1hli mana\u017ee\u0159i \/J.Burnham, Mana\u017eersk\u00e1 revoluce\/ a je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve technokrat\u00e9 \/\u00fastup v\u00fdznamu kapitalist\u016f\/. \u00dastupky, kter\u00fdch dos\u00e1hla d\u011blnick\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda a lidov\u00e9 vrstvy, byly vyu\u017eity bur\u017eoazn\u00ed propagandou a podn\u00edtily sebeklamy. T\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed st\u0159ety tak m\u011bly b\u00fdt nahrazov\u00e1ny zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm a zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm nesouhlasu \/disensu\/ a zesilov\u00e1n\u00edm konsensu \/souladu\/, zes\u00edlen\u00edm ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti podnikatel\u016f \/od industrial relations p\u0159es public relations k human relations\/ a rezignac\u00ed \u00fadajn\u00e9 se po\u010detn\u011b zmen\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u011blnick\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy na jin\u00e9 formy akce, ne\u017e tripartitn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \/smrt d\u011blnick\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy\/.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K.Marx nikdy nespekuloval o podob\u011b budouc\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Odvodil n\u011bkter\u00e9 jej\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rysy z v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch tendenc\u00ed kapitalismu. Odtud tak\u00e9 \u010dinil z\u00e1v\u011bry o povaze prost\u0159edk\u016f, je\u017e bude nutn\u00e9 volit \/o vztahu reforem a revoluce\/. Bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 jen v obrysech postihovat, co konkr\u00e9tn\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1 proces v y v\u00ed as t\u0148 o v\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, ne\u017e p\u0159ejde do celospole\u010densky funguj\u00edc\u00ed samospr\u00e1vy v\u00fdrobn\u00edch kolektiv\u016f, jak se bude vyv\u00edjet uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a distribuce moci, ne\u017e p\u0159eroste v univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed, spole\u010denskou samospr\u00e1vu. Nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 nic bli\u017e\u0161\u00edho \u0159\u00edci o tom, jak se budou vyv\u00edjet skupinov\u00e9 a individu\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1jmy, jak se budou chovat jednotliv\u00ed lid\u00e9. Nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00eddat ani rozsah a dosah sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 ekonomiky, ani staronov\u00e9 byrokracie. Jak se v praxi uk\u00e1zalo, mel proces dvoj\u00ed negace \/negace kapitalismu a formov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti\/ slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podobu, ne\u017e se p\u016fvodn\u011b o\u010dek\u00e1valo. Jeho p\u0159\u00edprava a pr\u016fb\u011bh tak\u00e9 ovlivnil diskusi, polemiku i rozkol mezi socialisty, soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi demokraty a komunisty.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K.Marx i B.Engels v\u017edy odm\u00edtali cel\u00fd proces zjednodu\u0161ovat a po\u017eadavek radik\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny redukovat na \u010dinnost &#8222;soci\u00e1ln\u00edch masti\u010dk\u00e1\u0159\u016f&#8220;. Ti, kdo byli p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deni o nedostate\u010dnosti takov\u00fdch postup\u016f a do\u017eadovali se podstatn\u00e9ho p\u0159etvo\u0159en\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, se ji\u017e tehdy naz\u00fdvali komunisty. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9 je zato pozd\u011bji obvi\u0148ovali z hazardov\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u00e1jmy d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mezi postupem socialist\u016f, soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f a komunist\u016f jsou mnoh\u00e9 shody, pokud jde o bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed po\u017eadavky a jim odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed metody \/vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed o kolektivn\u00ed smlouvy, \u010dinnost ve st\u00e1vkov\u00fdch v\u00fdborech a vystupov\u00e1n\u00ed na masov\u00fdch demonstrac\u00edch\/. I socialist\u00e9 \/nap\u0159. rakou\u0161t\u00ed v obdob\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma sv\u011btov\u00fdmi v\u00e1lkami\/ sahali k ost\u0159ej\u0161\u00edm form\u00e1m sebeobrany d\u011blnick\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy a sv\u00fdch pozic. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rozd\u00edl v \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, zda je kapitalismus reformovateln\u00fd \u010di nikoli, se v\u0161ak st\u00e1le vyhra\u0148oval.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V intepretaci soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f &#8222;komunismus st\u00e1le v\u00edce degeneroval&#8220; \/ M.H\u00e1jek, Listy \u010d.l, 1995 s. 36\/. Kolaps v zem\u00edch &#8222;re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho socialismu&#8220; v roce 1989 pova\u017euj\u00ed za definitivn\u00ed potvrzen\u00ed spr\u00e1vnosti sv\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch strategick\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jejich sou\u010dasn\u00fd pohled na vztah fa\u0161ismu a komunismu je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm o vlastn\u00edm v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed a p\u00e1du komunismu siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich se sna\u017e\u00ed vyj\u00edt vst\u0159\u00edc t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed ztoto\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed komunismus s fa\u0161ismem. Heslo, kter\u00e9 roz\u0161i\u0159ovali ve 3O.letech: Ani Hitlerovi pacholci, ani Stalinovi otroci, pova\u017euj\u00ed v\u00fdvojem za pln\u011b ospravedln\u011bn\u00e9. Vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k tomu z\u00e1kladn\u00edho sporu o to, zda je nutno kapitalismus p\u0159ekonat prosazen\u00edm radik\u00e1ln\u00ed alternativy. Dnes se pokou\u0161ej\u00ed o zev\u0161eobec\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br. Tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee se ob\u011b hnut\u00ed v metod\u00e1ch politick\u00e9ho boje zna\u010dn\u011b sbl\u00ed\u017eila: dosp\u011bla k absolutizaci n\u00e1sil\u00ed, i kdy\u017e r\u016fzn\u00fdmi cestami. Rozd\u00edl jako by byl pouze v tom, \u017ee se komunismus op\u00edral o spojenectv\u00ed zb\u00edda\u010den\u00fdch vrstev a byrokracie. D. B\u00e1rta napsal, \u017ee se fa\u0161ismus a komunismus &#8222;poj\u00ed s dv\u011bma protilehl\u00fdmi p\u00f3ly star\u00e9 industri\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Fa\u0161ismus s agresivn\u00edmi skupinami p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm velk\u00e9 bur\u017eoazie, maskovan\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi z\u00e1jmy, komunismus s byrokratick\u00fdmi elitami, vynesen\u00fdmi k moci zejm\u00e9na m\u00e9n\u011b kvalifikovan\u00fdmi vrstvami delnictva a vesnick\u00e9 chudiny, elitou vyd\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed se za obh\u00e1jce z\u00e1jm\u016f pracuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u0161ech n\u00e1rod\u016f&#8220; \/D.B\u00e1rta, Listy \u010d.l, 1995, s. 16\/. Pom\u00edjej\u00ed se z\u00e1kladn\u00ed shody a rozd\u00edly mezi soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokraci\u00ed, fa\u0161ismem a komunisty, tj. rezignace na p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed kapitalismu, jeho militantn\u00ed obrana a setrv\u00e1n\u00ed na po\u017eadavku jako radik\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bylo \u010di je tomu tak skute\u010dn\u011b? Je v\u00fdtka o zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b? A jak\u00e1 je vlastn\u011b role takov\u00e9 argumentace v sou\u010dasn\u00fdch strategick\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch triumfuj\u00edc\u00ed pravice? Neopo\u017e\u010fuje se znovu tragicky rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed toho, jakou \u00falohu m\u00e1 boj proti komunistick\u00e9mu i jin\u00e9mu &#8222;rozvratnictv\u00ed&#8220; pro postaven\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f a demokracie v\u016fbec?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>3. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ideje socialismu \/komunismu\/ b\/ Idea kvalitativn\u00ed zm\u011bny spole\u010dnosti \/idea revoluce\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[10],"tags":[51,58],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1035"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1035"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1035\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1035"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1035"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1035"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}