{"id":1037,"date":"2012-02-11T11:11:13","date_gmt":"2012-02-11T10:11:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/02\/11\/komunismus-a-faismus-25\/"},"modified":"2012-02-11T11:11:13","modified_gmt":"2012-02-11T10:11:13","slug":"komunismus-a-faismus-25","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/02\/11\/komunismus-a-faismus-25\/","title":{"rendered":"Komunismus a fa\u0161ismus (25)"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"logo\"4) Radik\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny a „osedl\u00e1n\u00ed“ kapitalismu<\/strong><\/p>\n

b\/ M\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt ke sbl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed komunist\u016f a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K op\u011btn\u00e9mu sbl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed komunist\u016f a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f do\u0161lo v minulosti v\u00edcekr\u00e1t. Bylo tomu tak v okam\u017eic\u00edch nejv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed hled\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdchodisek: v lidov\u00fdch front\u00e1ch na obranu proti fa\u0161ismu a v\u00e1lce, ve \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, v protifa\u0161istick\u00e9m odboji i p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed lidov\u011b demokratick\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat sbl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 situaci? A na jak\u00fdch pozic\u00edch?<\/p>\n

Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee komunist\u00e9 sami za\u010dali, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b intenz\u00edvn\u011b od 60.1et, prom\u00fd\u0161let efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob rozd\u011blen\u00ed \/distribuce\/ politick\u00fdch moc\u00ed. M\u011bl omezit zjevn\u00e1 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed monopoln\u00edho soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00fdch moc\u00ed, zes\u00edlen\u00e9ho zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b siln\u00fdm z\u00e1vanem studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky na po\u010d\u00e1tku pades\u00e1t\u00fdch let. Jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f byla z\u00e1kladn\u00ed racion\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchodiska komunistick\u00fdch pozic a rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm d\u016fvodem hled\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f, jak vyj\u00e1d\u0159it z\u00e1jmy dynamick\u00fdch, pokrokov\u00fdch sil ve spole\u010dnosti. Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba p\u0159ipom\u00ednat, \u017ee pro fa\u0161istick\u00e9 pojet\u00ed moci \/p\u0159es schopnost lav\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed, jakou prok\u00e1zal nap\u0159. Franco ve \u0160pan\u011blsku\/ byl takov\u00fd postup nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00fd. Komunist\u00e9 kladli sovb\u011b i dal\u0161\u00edm diskutuj\u00edc\u00edm jedin\u00fd po\u017eadavek, tj. aby takov\u00e1 \u00faprava neohrozila prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed socialistick\u00e9 alternativy. Stejn\u00e9 limity vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed fakticky i z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b, zprost\u0159edkovan\u011b i p\u0159\u00edmo bur\u017eoazn\u00ed politika protikapitalistick\u00e9 opozici. Okam\u017eit\u011b ov\u0161em vyvstal probl\u00e9m, kdo a jak m\u00e1 o vymezen\u00ed socialistick\u00e9 alternativy rozhodovat.<\/p>\n

Pro v\u00fdvoj v komunistick\u00e9m hnut\u00ed v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch bylo charakteristick\u00e9 vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed pochopen\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed pokojn\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu k socialismu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm – relativn\u011b na sv\u00e9m soci\u00e1ln\u00edm z\u00e1zem\u00ed p\u0159ece jen autonomn\u00ed -stranicko parlamentn\u00ed soustavy \/pokusy prosadit liber\u00e1ln\u011bji pojatou pluralitu v tzv. Pra\u017esk\u00e9m jaru v roce 1968\/. Zv\u011bt\u0161il se z\u00e1jem o uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdhod tr\u017en\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, bez trhu pracovn\u00edch sil \/Jugosl\u00e1vie, Ma\u010farsko od r. 1968\/. V koncepci eurokomunismu \/1977\/ se strany p\u0159estaly pova\u017eovat za jedinou p\u0159edstavitelku d\u011blnick\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy, vzdaly se v\u0161eho, co by mohlo p\u0159ivodit ideov\u00fd a politick\u00fd monopol a znovu siln\u011b zd\u016fraznily liber\u00e1ln\u00ed prvky v pluralit\u011b politick\u00fdch stran a hnut\u00ed. Politika „perestrojki‘ v SSSR po r.1985 na tyto tendence nav\u00e1zala: p\u0159estavbou ekonomiky, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla otev\u0159\u00edt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prostor trhu, „glasnost\u00ed“,kter\u00e1 mela podstatn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it mo\u017enost alternativn\u00edch zdroj\u016f a tok\u016f informac\u00ed, prosazov\u00e1n\u00edm socialistick\u00e9ho pluralismu, otev\u0159en\u00edm prostoru pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 subjekty a zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00edm jejich autonomity.<\/p>\n

Zprvu byly p\u0159i obnovov\u00e1n\u00ed a snaze o podstatn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho obyvatelstva vyzdvihov\u00e1ny leninsk\u00e9 principy bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed, samostatn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti lidu na politick\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b, tj. socialismu jako \u017eiv\u00e9 tvo\u0159ivosti lidu sam\u00e9ho. Pom\u011brn\u011b rychle se v\u0161ak p\u0159e\u0161lo k etap\u011b deleninizace a uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed princip\u016f liber\u00e1ln\u00edch. Socialistick\u00e1 povaha plurality m\u011bla b\u00fdt zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1na diskutovanou klauzul\u00ed o \u00fastavn\u011b garantovan\u00e9 vedouc\u00ed pozici KS. V b\u0159eznu 1990 v\u0161ak KSSS p\u0159ijala princip konkuren\u010dn\u00edch stran z\u00e1pas\u00edc\u00edch o moc ve „svobodn\u00fdch“ volb\u00e1ch. Tr\u017en\u00ed socialismus se p\u0159erodil v kapitalistickou ekonomiku. J.\u0160abata m\u00e1 pravdu, \u017ee nomenklaturn\u00ed vrstva, alespo\u0148 jej\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010c\u00e1st, byla v t\u00e9 dob\u011b ji\u017e potenci\u00e1ln\u011b prokapitalistick\u00e1. \u0160lo j\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o jej\u00ed privilegia, a ta si ve skute\u010dn\u011b otev\u0159en\u00e9m procesu nemohla uchovat, Proto se stala v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm \u010dinitelem „pokojn\u00e9 demont\u00e1\u017ee“ syst\u00e9mu \/Listy \u010d.I, 1995, s.20\/. Ve srozum\u011bn\u00ed s vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi silami napomohla kapitalistick\u00e9 kontrarevoluci v zemi, r\u016fstu nacionalistick\u00fdch hnut\u00ed a p\u00e1du dal\u0161\u00edch socialistick\u00fdch re\u017eim\u016f.<\/p>\n

O smyslu zvratu v roce 1989 a o jeho dosahu pro vztah socialismu a demokracie se vede vzru\u0161en\u00e1 diskuse. Ot\u0159es bezprost\u0159edn\u00e9 postihl nejen komunistick\u00e9, ale tak\u00e9 socialistick\u00e9 strany a socialistickou ideologii. Zdvihl hladinu z\u00e1jmu o konzervativn\u00ed, pravicov\u00e9 koncepce a p\u0159ivodil vlnu restaurace. P\u0159inesl tak rozporn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek. Ot\u0159\u00e1sl mocensk\u00fdmi pozicemi levice \/hlavn\u011b komunist\u016f\/, ale p\u0159erval tak\u00e9 vazby mezi socialismem a auto\u0159it\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm. Znamenal v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 oslaben\u00ed sil, kter\u00e9 usiluj\u00ed o radik\u00e1ln\u00ed alternativu. Vyprovokoval je v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 k intenzivn\u00edmu hled\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch cest k socialismu v sou\u010dasn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Donutil je k tvo\u0159iv\u00e9 politick\u00e9 aktivit\u011b.<\/p>\n

Na cestu soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie se ti, kdo hledaj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed alternativu, nemohou vydat, p\u0159esto\u017ee je \u0160irok\u00e1 a svou sch\u016fdnost\u00ed pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 jedince z komunistick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed st\u00e1le l\u00e1kav\u00e1. R\u016fzn\u00ed politikov\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e9ho typu nepova\u017euj\u00ed polistopadov\u00e9 zm\u011bny z\u0159ejm\u011b za nijak varovn\u00e9. Uva\u017euj\u00ed o nich v duchu logiky, podle n\u00ed\u017e je hlavn\u00edm krit\u00e9riem pokroku nad\u00e1le rozvoj demokracie jako takov\u00e9 \/“\u010dist\u00e9“ demokracie\/. „Smysl demokratick\u00e9ho obratu, kter\u00fd pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me, p\u00ed\u0161e J. \u0160abata, tkv\u00ed v obnov\u011b klasick\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, nikoli v obnov\u011b „kapitalismu“, tj. v obnov\u011b hypostazovan\u00e9 abstrakce v\u00fdrobn\u00edch vztah\u016f“ \/Listy \u010d. l, 1995, s.20\/. J.\u0160abata nev\u00ed co mluv\u00ed, kdy\u017e nedok\u00e1\u017ee vzt\u00e1hnout „klasickou ob\u010danskou spole\u010dnost“ ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm soci\u00e1ln\u011b ekonomick\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m a vymlouv\u00e1 se na „hypostazovanou abstrakci v\u00fdrobn\u00edch vztah\u016f“, u\u017e\u00edvanou podle jeho p\u0159edpokladu t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed tuto souvislost zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pot\u0159eba tv\u016fr\u010d\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstupu k nov\u00fdm skute\u010dnostem se net\u00fdk\u00e1 jen komunist\u016f. Tak\u00e9 koncepce soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f se ocitla v krizi. V\u00fdvoj nepotvrzuje, \u017ee politick\u00e1 rovnost ztr\u00e1c\u00ed ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e svou form\u00e1ln\u00ed povahu a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 jako sv\u016fj d\u016fsledek roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edch pr\u00e1v a re\u00e1ln\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnosti. Jak se uk\u00e1zalo v praxi, je moc, kterou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9 ve volb\u00e1ch z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed, na spln\u011bn\u00ed takov\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 a z\u00e1kladn\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed tendence t\u011bch, na nich\u017e z\u00e1vis\u00ed \/ od byrokrat\u016f po p\u0159edstavitele bank a finan\u010dn\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu v\u016fbec\/, \u017ee jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 setrva\u010dn\u00e9. P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho spole\u010densk\u00fdch instituc\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b mocn\u00fdch „nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch“ komunika\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 spojeno s kapit\u00e1lem a jeho ideologi\u00ed. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9 dosahuj\u00ed funkc\u00ed, nikoli v\u0161ak re\u00e1ln\u00e9 moci \/A.Heywood\/. Bylo by nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, kdyby se s takov\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledky spokojili.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  4) Radik\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny a „osedl\u00e1n\u00ed“ kapitalismu b\/ M\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt ke sbl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed komunist\u016f a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[10],"tags":[51,58],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1037"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1037"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1037\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1037"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1037"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1037"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}