{"id":1060,"date":"2012-02-17T18:02:45","date_gmt":"2012-02-17T17:02:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/02\/17\/valky-v-islech\/"},"modified":"2012-02-17T18:02:45","modified_gmt":"2012-02-17T17:02:45","slug":"valky-v-islech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/02\/17\/valky-v-islech\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e1lky v \u010d\u00edslech"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"war\"\u0158\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee v\u00e1lky v minulosti byly ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s dne\u0161kem t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 idylou. Romantick\u00e1 boji\u0161t\u011b, barevn\u00e9 \u0159ady p\u011bchoty, vzp\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed se \u0161kadrony kavalerie, vzdouvaj\u00edc\u00ed se praporce. Jak to kdy bylo?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

L\u00e9ta v\u00e1lek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rakousko prov\u00e1l\u010dilo od konce 15. do konce 19. stolet\u00ed pln\u00fdch 227 let (57 %). Francie bojovala v 19. stolet\u00ed 27 let, Rusko 24, It\u00e1lie 23, Anglie 21, N\u011bmecko jen 13 rok\u016f.<\/p>\n

Bitvy a mrtv\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ve zn\u00e1m\u00e9 bitv\u011b u Kol\u00edna roku 1757 st\u00e1lo proti sob\u011b 53.500 Raku\u0161an\u016f a 36.000 Prus\u016f. Raku\u0161an\u00e9 ztratili 6400 padl\u00fdch a ran\u011bn\u00fdch (12 %), Bed\u0159ich Velik\u00fd 6 710 (19 %). Tato bitva pat\u0159ila ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b k velik\u00fdm, ztr\u00e1ty se zd\u00e1ly velmi vysok\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Mezi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1lky napoleonsk\u00e9 \u00e9ry pat\u0159\u00ed Slavkov, Borodin\u016f a Lipsko. U Slavkova bojovalo roku 1805 65.000 Francouz\u016f proti 82.500 Rus\u016f a Raku\u0161an\u016f. Napoleonovy ztr\u00e1ty na mrtv\u00fdch a ran\u011bn\u00fdch \u010dinily 10,5 %, spojeneck\u00e9 asi 15%.<\/p>\n

Borodinsk\u00e1 bitva v roce 1812 si vy\u017e\u00e1dala tuto da\u0148: ze 130.000 Francouz\u016f padlo nebo bylo ran\u011bno 24.500 mu\u017e\u016f (18,4%), ze 121.000 Rus\u016f 375.006 (31 %). \u201eBitva n\u00e1rod\u016f“ u Lipska 16. a\u017e 19. \u0159\u00edjna 1813: Napoleon 171.000 voj\u00e1k\u016f, ztr\u00e1ty 45.000 (26,3%); spojenci 301.000 mu\u017e\u016f, ztr\u00e1ty 48.000 (16.2 %). V nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed bitv\u011b na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed roku 1866 u Hradce Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 st\u00e1lo na stran\u011b Rakouska 215.123 mu\u017e\u016f, na stran\u011b Pruska 220.982 \u2014 na omezen\u00e9m prostoru chlumsk\u00e9ho boji\u0161t\u011b, bylo nakupeno na p\u016fl mili\u00f3nu voj\u00e1k\u016f. Raku\u0161an\u00e9 ztratili 23.598 mrtv\u00fdch a ran\u011bn\u00fdch (11 %), Prusov\u00e9 8.894 (4 %). Ztr\u00e1ty tam byly nad o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9. Srovn\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011bchto n\u011bkolika dat lze doj\u00edt k z\u00e1v\u011bru: Po\u010det voj\u00e1k\u016f na boji\u0161t\u00edch rostl (od Kol\u00edna 1757 s necel\u00fdmi devades\u00e1ti tis\u00edci voj\u00e1k\u016f na obou stran\u00e1ch k p\u016fl mili\u00f3nu u Hradce Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 za 109 let), ale ztr\u00e1ty st\u00e1le kol\u00edsaly v rozmez\u00ed mezi 10 a\u017e 30 % i p\u0159esto, \u017ee se bojov\u00e1 technika st\u00e1le zdokonalovala.<\/p>\n

1. sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00fa\u010dastnilo se j\u00ed 32 zem\u00ed s 1,5  miliardy lid\u00ed (75 % lidstva). Na plo\u0161e \u010dty\u0159 mili\u00f3n\u016f km2 bojovalo 74 mili\u00f3n\u016f voj\u00e1k\u016f. Obohacen\u00ed bojov\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f o letadla, ponorky, tanky, plyn se projevilo v bilanci: 8.538.315 mrtv\u00fdch, 21.219.452 ran\u011bn\u00fdch, 7.750.919 zajat\u00fdch a nezv\u011bstn\u00fdch. Celkov\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty byly 37.494.186 mu\u017e\u016f, to je 40 %.<\/p>\n

2. sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00fa\u010dastnilo se j\u00ed 64 zem\u00ed se dv\u011bma miliardami lid\u00ed (80 % lidstva). Na plo\u0161e 22 mili\u00f3n\u016f km2 bojovalo 110 milion\u016f voj\u00e1k\u016f. Ztr\u00e1ty z\u016fstanou nav\u017edy hanbou civilizace: 43.423.726 mrtv\u00fdch \u2014 s v\u00fdhradou, \u017ee toto \u010d\u00edslo je nep\u0159esn\u00e9, je jen spodn\u00ed hranic\u00ed odhadu ztr\u00e1t na \u017eivotech. P\u0159esn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla \u2014 ani o po\u010dtu ran\u011bn\u00fdch a zajat\u00fdch \u2014 nejsou zn\u00e1ma. Mechanick\u00e9 prost\u0159edky a lidsk\u00e9 mo\u017enosti nebyly schopny postihnout tuto statistiku. Proti 1. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce se po\u010det mrtv\u00fdch zv\u00fd\u0161il p\u011btkr\u00e1t a z on\u011bch 110 mili\u00f3n\u016f bojuj\u00edc\u00edch \u010din\u00ed 31 procent.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipo\u010dteme-li pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fd odhad ztr\u00e1t a ran\u011bn\u00fdch, dojdeme k \u010d\u00edslu 75 %.<\/p>\n

Ztr\u00e1ty N\u011bmecka<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zem\u011b, kter\u00e1 b\u011bhem 25 let rozpoutala dv\u011b nejstra\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1lky v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva, zem\u011b, je\u017e m\u00e1 na sv\u011bdom\u00ed to, \u017ee do v\u00e1lky byly vta\u017eeny i civiln\u00ed osoby a pob\u00edjeny v desetitis\u00edc\u00edch bez mo\u017enosti obrany a tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee k v\u00e1lce bylo pou\u017eito v\u0161emo\u017en\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f bez omezeni, ztratila v letech 1914\u20141918 1.773.700 voj\u00e1k\u016f a v letech 1939\u20141945 6.700.000. Stalingradsk\u00e1 bitva st\u00e1la nacisty 150.000 mrtv\u00fdch a 91.000 zajat\u00fdch. U Moskvy padlo v z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 f\u00e1zi bitvy od 6.12.1941 do 15.1.1942 na 300.000 n\u011bmeck\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky zab\u00edjen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Od roku 1939 je t\u0159eba po\u010d\u00edtat do v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t i \u010dty\u0159i mili\u00f3ny lidi v Osv\u011btimi, t\u0159i mili\u00f3ny v Treblince, p\u016fldruh\u00e9ho mili\u00f3nu v Majdanku, 400.000 v Chelmnu, 200.000 v Mauthausenu a 240.000 v Dachau. V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 technika dos\u00e1hla netu\u0161en\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f. Za dv\u011b t\u0159i vte\u0159iny zahynulo 6. srpna 1945 v Hiro\u0161im\u011b 260.000 lid\u00ed a dal\u0161i tis\u00edce um\u00edraly n\u00e1sledkem v\u00fdbuchu atomov\u00e9 pumy cel\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9ta.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  \u0158\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee v\u00e1lky v minulosti byly ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s dne\u0161kem t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 idylou. Romantick\u00e1 boji\u0161t\u011b, barevn\u00e9 \u0159ady p\u011bchoty, vzp\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1059,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[9],"tags":[51,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1060"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1060"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1060\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1059"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1060"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1060"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1060"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}