{"id":1081,"date":"2012-03-03T23:28:49","date_gmt":"2012-03-03T22:28:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/03\/03\/obanska-valka-v-rusku-1918\/"},"modified":"2012-03-03T23:28:49","modified_gmt":"2012-03-03T22:28:49","slug":"obanska-valka-v-rusku-1918","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/03\/03\/obanska-valka-v-rusku-1918\/","title":{"rendered":"Ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka v Rusku 1918"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"tacanka\"V roce 1918 bylo socialistick\u00e9 Rusko v katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed situaci. Zem\u011b rozvr\u00e1cena v\u00e1lkou o vnit\u0159n\u00ed kontrarevoluc\u00ed svr\u017een\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd. Zu\u0159il hladomor. N\u011bmeck\u00e9 a rakousk\u00e9 divize se tla\u010dily na Petrohrad, do Ukrajiny a na Kavkaz. Rusk\u00e1 pravideln\u00e1 arm\u00e1da ji\u017e neexistuje, nov\u00e1 Rud\u00e1 arm\u00e1da je nevycvicena, nevyzbrojena a ve zrodu. Socialistick\u00e9mu Rusku zb\u00fdv\u00e1 jedin\u00e1 mo\u017enost \u2014 uzav\u0159\u00edt s nep\u0159\u00edtelem separ\u00e1tn\u00ed m\u00edr, by\u0165 za velmi nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, oddechnout si a na\u010derpat s\u00edly k z\u00e1chran\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Toto heslo raz\u00ed Lenin a komunist\u00e9 i proti prudk\u00e9mu odporu frakcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f a pseudomarxist\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed pokra\u010dovat ve v\u00e1lce st\u016fj co st\u016fj a tak \u017eenou vodu na ml\u00fdn z\u00e1padn\u00edch imperialist\u016f. Jejich projevy opl\u00fdvaj\u00ed fr\u00e1zemi o \u201ezrad\u011b revoluce“, o \u201eprolet\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 cti“ atd. Tehdy v \u00fanoru 1918 na jejich adresu Lenin \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eJe ned\u016fstojn\u00e9 opravdov\u00e9ho socialisty, aby se \u2014 utrp\u00ed-li t\u011b\u017ekou por\u00e1\u017eku \u2014 roz\u010diloval anebo propadne zoufalstv\u00ed.“ Mluv\u00ed o tom, \u017ee revolu\u010dn\u00ed fr\u00e1ze bez z\u0159etele na objektivn\u00ed okolnosti jsou jen opojn\u00fdmi hesly bez p\u016fdy pod nohama. \u201eJeden z projev\u016f stop malom\u011b\u0161\u0165\u00e1ctv\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v poddajnosti v\u016f\u010di revolu\u010dn\u00ed fr\u00e1zi.“ \u2014 \u201eJ\u00edt do v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 povstaleck\u00e9 nebo v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky v\u011bdom\u011b bez sil, v\u011bdom\u011b bez arm\u00e1dy je dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed.“ Rusko proto p\u0159istupuje v \u00fanoru na nev\u00fdhodn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky brest-litevsk\u00e9ho m\u00edru, nebo\u0165 \u201enyn\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b nejsme p\u0159ipraveni na revolu\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lku“. Tak t\u011b\u017ece z\u00edskan\u00e9ho oddechu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 komunistick\u00e1 strana k vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a jej\u00ed slab\u00e9, polovyzbrojen\u00e9 odd\u00edly s nap\u011bt\u00edm v\u0161ech sil zadr\u017euj\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fd postup do nitra zem\u011b. Tyto boje zu\u0159\u00ed po cel\u00e9 jaro 1918 u Petrohradu i na Ukrajin\u011b, po\u010d\u00e1tkem dubna pronikaj\u00ed N\u011bmci a Raku\u0161an\u00e9 na Volhu, v kv\u011btnu p\u0159es Krym postupuji na Kavkaz. U Donu o\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 hrozba b\u011blogvard\u011bjc\u016f, Kornilov a po n\u011bm D\u011bnik\u00edn soust\u0159e\u010fuj\u00ed kontrarevolu\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edly. Do Finska se v dubnu vylodily n\u011bmeck\u00e9 odd\u00edly a zardousily socialistickou revoluci. Od Rusk\u00e9 socialistick\u00e9 republiky se odd\u011blily okrajov\u00e9 zem\u011b Estonsko, Litva, Polsko, B\u00edl\u00e1 Rus, Gruzie, Azerb\u00e1jd\u017e\u00f3n a Arm\u00e9nie, do \u010dela Ukrajiny se postavil n\u011bmeck\u00fd p\u0159isluhova\u010c hejtman Skoropadskij. Do d\u011bn\u00ed v Rusku zasahuje i Dohoda. Jej\u00ed nen\u00e1vist v\u016f\u010di socialistick\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu se neprojevila v ozbrojen\u00e9m z\u00e1sahu dotud, dokud byla je\u0161t\u011b nad\u011bje vman\u00e9vrovat Rusko do protin\u011bmeck\u00e9 imperialistick\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Na ja\u0159e 1918 se tato nad\u011bje uk\u00e1zala lichou. Proto se Dohoda rozhodla k aktivn\u00edmu boji, k intervenci. Vhodn\u00fdm mocensk\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem byly jednak \u010deskosloven\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci, jednak svr\u017een\u00e9 vyko\u0159is\u0165ovatelsk\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy v zemi. P\u0159edzv\u011bst\u00ed masov\u00e9 intervence byly ji\u017e v dubnu imperialistick\u00e9 desanty ve Vladivostoku (Japonci) a v Murmansku (Angli\u010dan\u00e9). \u010cs. sbor byl dob\u0159e vyzbrojen\u00fdm a vycvi\u010den\u00fdm t\u011blesem, jeho\u017e velen\u00ed bylo zcela odd\u00e1no pl\u00e1nu ozbrojen\u00e9ho vystoupen\u00ed proti socialistick\u00e9mu Rusku. \u010cs. sbor sice je\u0161t\u011b v b\u0159eznu 1918 bojoval u Bachma\u010de spolu s Rudou arm\u00e1dou proti N\u011bmc\u016fm, v kv\u011btnu se v\u0161ak pln\u011b dal cestou intervence. V polovin\u011b m\u011bs\u00edce ji\u017e 30 000 \u010cechoslov\u00e1k\u016f pln\u011b ovl\u00e1dalo sibi\u0159skou magistr\u00e1lu a kolem nich se seskupily v\u0161echny kontrarevolu\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edly. \u010cs. sbor se chystal k \u00faderu proti vnit\u0159n\u00edmu Rusku, rozd\u011blen do \u010dty\u0159 bojov\u00fdch skupin – \u010ce\u010dkova na sama\u0159sk\u00e9m sm\u011bru, Vojcechovsk\u00e9ho na \u010deljabinsko-jakat\u011brinbursk\u00e9m, Gajdova na omsk\u00e9m sm\u011bru a Dieterichsova u Vladivostoku.<\/p>\n

Tato kontrarevolu\u010dn\u00ed moc, jej\u00ed bojov\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy, mal\u00e1 bojov\u00e1 s\u00edla organizuj\u00edc\u00ed se Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy daly vzniknout b\u011blogvard\u011bjsk\u00fdm vl\u00e1d\u00e1m t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na v\u0161ech \u00fazem\u00edch vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho Ruska; bl\u00edzkost N\u011bmc\u016f na Ukrajin\u011b podporovala protisov\u011btsk\u00e1 kulack\u00e1 a koz\u00e1ck\u00e1 povst\u00e1n\u00ed. Rud\u00e1 arm\u00e1da byla v do\u010dasn\u00e9m \u00fastupu p\u0159ed touto vlnou b\u00edl\u00e9ho teroru. \u00dasp\u011bchu b\u00edl\u00fdch vyu\u017eila Dohoda k nov\u00fdm akc\u00edm: Angli\u010dan\u00e9 se vylodili v Archangelsku, Ameri\u010dan\u00e9, Angli\u010dan\u00e9, Francouzi a Japonci na D\u00e1ln\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b, anglo-esersk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da je v Zakasp\u00edcku. Vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kruh intervence se v l\u00e9t\u011b 1918 pevn\u011b uzav\u00edr\u00e1 kotem Sov\u011btsk\u00e9 Rusi. Tak\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtel vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 v zemi \u0159adu povst\u00e1n\u00ed, ese\u0159i a kadeti sahaj\u00ed k individu\u00e1ln\u00edmu teroru, jemu\u017e padli za ob\u011b\u0165 Volodarskij a Urickij v Petrohrad\u011b, v Moskv\u011b byl t\u011b\u017ece ran\u011bn Lenin. V l\u00e9t\u011b 1918, v dob\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro sov\u011btskou vl\u00e1du, vsak skon\u010dilo i \u201e\u00fadob\u00ed oddechu“. Rud\u00e1 arm\u00e1da za p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010de V. I. Lenina a cel\u00e9 strany je u\u017e mocnou silou d\u011blnickorolnick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy. Nastupuje do rozhodn\u00fdch boj\u016f proti hlavn\u00edmu nebezpe\u010d\u00ed – proti \u010cechoslov\u00e1k\u016fm a b\u011blogvard\u011bjsk\u00fdm diviz\u00edm v Povol\u017e\u00ed. Tom soust\u0159edil nep\u0159\u00edtel na 58 000 mu\u017e\u016f a 220 d\u011bl. Proti n\u011bmu stoj\u00ed 63tis\u00edcov\u00e1 Rud\u00e1 arm\u00e1da s v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 d\u011bly. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u00fasekem t\u00e9to v\u00fdchodn\u00ed fronty byl \u00fasek u Kazan\u011b. Zde se nep\u0159\u00edteli poda\u0159ilo nejhloub\u011bji proniknout na z\u00e1pad a ohro\u017eovat tak hlavn\u00ed st\u0159ediska zem\u011b.<\/p>\n

M\u011bsto Kaza\u0148 le\u017e\u00ed p\u0159i ohybu Volhy a tam se \u010cechoslov\u00e1ci a b\u011blogvard\u011bjci upevnili na obou b\u0159ez\u00edch \u0159eky. Proti Kazani h\u00e1jen\u00e9 2100 mu\u017ei nastoupilo 3700 rudoarmejc\u016f s patn\u00e1cti d\u011bly a obrn\u011bn\u00fdmi vozy. \u2014 5. Rud\u00e1 arm\u00e1da pos\u00edlen\u00e1 jednotkami V. M. Azina z 2. RA a vol\u017eskou v\u00e1le\u010dnou flotilou (3 minonosky, 15 lodi s 32 d\u011bly a 58 kulomety) m\u011bla tedy v tomto \u00faseku po\u010detn\u00ed p\u0159evahu. V jej\u00edm \u010dele st\u00e1l P. A. Slaven. 13.\u201414. srpna 1918 za\u010daly boje. Tzv. levob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed uskupen\u00ed za\u00fato\u010dilo na \u0159eku Kaza\u0148ku, pravob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed donutilo nep\u0159\u00edtele k \u00fastupu a\u017e k Horn\u00edmu Uslanu. Nep\u0159\u00edtel v\u0161ak proti\u00fatokem obnovil sv\u00e1 p\u016fvodn\u00ed postaven\u00ed a zd\u00e1lo se, \u017ee bitva o Kaza\u0148 se prot\u00e1hne. C\u00edlem nep\u0159\u00edtele bylo rozb\u00edt 5. Rudou arm\u00e1du. Proto do jej\u00edho boku byla vr\u017eena b\u00edl\u00e1, brig\u00e1da plukovn\u00edka Kappela, kter\u00e1 obsadila m\u011bsto Svija\u017esk \u2014 s\u00eddlo \u0161t\u00e1bu 55. A. a revolu\u010dn\u00ed rady V\u00fdchodn\u00edho frontu. M\u011bla se zmocnit i \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed stanice a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho vol\u017esk\u00e9ho mostu. To se v\u0161ak pro tvrdo\u0161\u00edjnou obranu stanice, kdy i \u010dlenov\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1bu bojovali s pu\u0161kou v ruce, nepoda\u0159ilo. V prav\u00fd \u010das tak\u00e9 zas\u00e1hl v\u00fdsadek n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk\u016f. B\u011bhem tohoto boje prob\u00edhal i boj hlavn\u00edch sil, \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pro rud\u00e9. Sov\u011btsk\u00e1 flotila potopila \u010d\u00e1st b\u00edl\u00e9 flotily, uml\u010dela nep\u0159\u00e1telskou baterii a probila se do bl\u00edzkosti m\u011bsta. Por\u00e1\u017eka Kappelov\u00fdch pluk\u016f u Svi\u017eajsku byla p\u0159elomem cel\u00e9 bitvy. Jej\u00ed v\u00fdvoj ovlivnilo 3. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed i povst\u00e1n\u00ed kaza\u0148sk\u00e9ho proletari\u00e1tu. Bylo sice krut\u011b potla\u010deno, av\u0161ak na \u010das v\u00e1zalo b\u00edl\u00e9 s\u00edly. 5. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se sov\u011btsk\u00e9 lodi probojovaly a\u017e k uslansk\u00fdm v\u00fd\u0161in\u00e1m, zni\u010dily dv\u011b pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed baterie, zahnaly zbytek nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 flotily a vysadily desant. Jemu se spolu s Vladimirsk\u00fdm rud\u00fdm plukem poda\u0159ilo dob\u00fdt \u00fatokem p\u0159ilehl\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161iny s palebn\u00fdmi postaven\u00edmi patn\u00e1cti d\u011bl. D\u011bla zah\u00e1jila palbu na nov\u00fd c\u00edl – na Kaza\u0148. V tu dobu se tak\u00e9 levob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed skupina 5. Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy probila p\u0159es Kaza\u0148ku k m\u011bstu, k n\u00ed se p\u0159epravila p\u0159es Volhu i skupina pravob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed, u m\u011bsta se vylodili n\u00e1mo\u0159nici a ze severov\u00fdchodu dorazily jednotky Azinovy. Kaza\u0148 byla 10. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed obkl\u00ed\u010dena ze t\u0159\u00ed stran a r\u00e1no vyrazily rud\u00e9 jednotky za zp\u011bvu Internacion\u00e1ly do \u00fatoku. Ve 14 hodin nad m\u011bstem zavl\u00e1la rud\u00e1 vlajka.<\/p>\n

Rozbit\u00ed b\u011blogvard\u011bjc\u016f a \u010cechoslov\u00e1k\u016f u Kazan\u011b byl p\u0159elomem boj\u016f na cel\u00e9 v\u00fdchodn\u00ed front\u011b. Tak\u00e9 sousedn\u00ed 1. RA pod velen\u00edm M. N. Tucha\u010devsk\u00e9ho zah\u00e1jila \u00fatok na Leninovo rodi\u0161t\u011b Simbirsk. Jej\u00ed postup umo\u017enil nejen \u00fasp\u011bch 5. RA u Kazan\u011b, nejen velitelsk\u00e9 kvality Tucha\u010devsk\u00e9ho, ale i v\u00fdborn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed vojsk.<\/p>\n

Pro n\u00e1s je bitva u Kazan\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 i t\u00edm, \u017ee tam bojovali \u010cechoslov\u00e1ci nejen jako s\u00edla kontrarevoluce, ale i na stran\u011b socialismu, po boku Rud\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. Kaza\u0148 toti\u017e br\u00e1nil i 1. internacion\u00e1ln\u00ed pluk Karla Marxe, v n\u011bm\u017e vedle Ma\u010far\u016f, N\u011bmc\u016f, Pol\u00e1k\u016f a Srb\u016f bylo p\u0159es sto \u010cech\u016f a Slov\u00e1k\u016f. \u010cs. voj\u00e1ci pod velen\u00edm D. Vargy state\u010dn\u011b tak\u00e9 ubr\u00e1nili vol\u017esk\u00fd most u Simbirska, jen\u017e hr\u00e1l v boj\u00edch d\u016fle\u017eitou \u00falohu. Boje v Povol\u017e\u00ed se staly za\u010d\u00e1tkem por\u00e1\u017eky intervent\u016f, staly se prv\u00fdm d\u011bjstv\u00edm onoho \u201ez\u00e1zraku“, s n\u00edm\u017e nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 Ruska nepo\u010d\u00edtali.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V roce 1918 bylo socialistick\u00e9 Rusko v katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed situaci. Zem\u011b rozvr\u00e1cena v\u00e1lkou o vnit\u0159n\u00ed kontrarevoluc\u00ed svr\u017een\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd. Zu\u0159il hladomor. N\u011bmeck\u00e9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1080,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[178,106,173,23,179,177],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1081"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1081"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1081\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1080"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1081"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1081"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}