{"id":1087,"date":"2012-03-04T11:35:31","date_gmt":"2012-03-04T10:35:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/03\/04\/dobrodruny-kral-ryti-jan\/"},"modified":"2012-03-04T11:35:31","modified_gmt":"2012-03-04T10:35:31","slug":"dobrodruny-kral-ryti-jan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/03\/04\/dobrodruny-kral-ryti-jan\/","title":{"rendered":"Dobrodru\u017en\u00fd kr\u00e1l &#8211; ryt\u00ed\u0159 Jan"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-1086\" style=\"float: left;\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/janluc.gif\" alt=\"janluc\" width=\"120\" height=\"176\" \/>V erbu anglick\u00fdch n\u00e1sledn\u00edk\u016f tr\u016fnu, princ\u016f Walesk\u00fdch, jsou 3 sup\u00ed pera. Zdob\u00ed tento erb od 28. srpna 1348 do dne\u0161n\u00edch \u010das\u016f. Bylo to pozd\u011b v noci ve stanu anglick\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Eduarda III., na boji\u0161ti u Kres\u010daku ve Francii. Tehdy Angli\u010dan\u00e9 porazili francouzsk\u00e9 vojsko a po bitv\u011b na\u0161li mezi mrtv\u00fdmi na boji\u0161ti i t\u011blo \u010desk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Jana Lucembursk\u00e9ho. Eduard jej dal dopravit opatrn\u011b do sv\u00e9ho stanu, proto\u017ee kr\u00e1l je\u0161t\u011b d\u00fdchal. Zanedlouho v\u0161ak zem\u0159el. Tu v hlubok\u00e9m dojet\u00ed s\u0148al anglick\u00fd kr\u00e1l z Janovy p\u0159ilby t\u0159i sup\u00ed pera s n\u00e1pisem &#8222;Ich dien&#8220; (Slou\u017e\u00edm) a podal je &#8222;\u010cern\u00e9mu princi&#8220; Walesk\u00e9mu. \u010cesk\u00fd slep\u00fd kr\u00e1l skon\u010dil daleko od sv\u00e9 zem\u011b sv\u016fj dobrodru\u017en\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pro\u017eil jej v turnaj\u00edch a boj\u00edch s c\u00edsa\u0159em i proti c\u00edsa\u0159i, s pape\u017eem i proti pape\u017ei, ve v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch pro z\u00e1jmy \u010desk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed i proti n\u011bmu. Jemu \u010cesk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed nebylo ni\u010d\u00edm jin\u00fdm ne\u017e pokladnic\u00ed, nep\u0159ilnul k n\u011bmu srdcem a ochotn\u011b by je vym\u011bnil za Por\u00fdn\u00ed. Kr\u00e1l Jan slou\u017eil jedin\u00e9mu ide\u00e1lu \u2014 ide\u00e1lu ryt\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed a tomu byl v\u011bren po cel\u00fd sv\u016fj pades\u00e1tilet\u00fd \u017eivot. Byl posledn\u00edm ryt\u00ed\u0159em na panovnick\u00e9m tr\u016fnu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Doba jeho ml\u00e1d\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku 14. stolet\u00ed je je\u0161t\u011b ve znamen\u00ed dozvuk\u016f slavn\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00fdch v\u00fdprav proti Sarac\u00e9n\u016fm. V rodin\u00e1ch panovn\u00edk\u016f i \u0161lechtic\u016f se \u010dtou p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy z b\u00e1jn\u00e9ho Orientu, opusy o kr\u00e1li Artu\u0161ovi, b\u00e1sn\u011b o Alexandru Velik\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se stal symbolem st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho vlada\u0159e \u2014 ryt\u00ed\u0159e, ochra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho slab\u00e9 u nemohouc\u00ed, bojovn\u00edka, jen\u017e odm\u011b\u0148oval state\u010dnost a trestal zbab\u011blost. Jan Lucembursk\u00fd cht\u011bl sv\u00fdm \u017eivotem tento ide\u00e1l uskute\u010dnit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V roce 1319 se pokou\u0161\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch zalo\u017eit novou artu\u0161ovskou dru\u017einu &#8222;kulat\u00e9ho stolu&#8220;, av\u0161ak nenach\u00e1z\u00ed pochopen\u00ed. V cizin\u011b nechyb\u00ed u \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 slavnosti, turnaj\u016f nebo v\u00e1lky, kde by m\u011bl mo\u017enost proslavit sv\u00e9 ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 ctnosti. Je v\u00e1\u017een pro vzne\u0161en\u00e9 \u00famysly, ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 skutky, vl\u00eddnost, pro nesl\u00fdchanou n\u00e1dheru a \u0161t\u011bdrost, pro sv\u00e9 mistrovstv\u00ed v turnaj\u00edch i v bitv\u00e1ch. Je ide\u00e1lem mlad\u00e9 ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 generace. Jan\u016fv \u017eivot v\u0161ak je sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem anachronismem, nebo\u0165 v t\u00e9to dob\u011b se ide\u00e1l ryt\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed ji\u017e velmi podstatn\u011b zm\u011bnil. Zm\u011bnil se hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd i spole\u010densk\u00fd \u017eivot, pen\u00edze vl\u00e1dly nad v\u0161emi vztahy zem\u00ed, tr\u016fny, t\u0159\u00edd i jedinc\u016f. Typ ryt\u00ed\u0159e, jak\u00fdm byl Richard Lv\u00ed Srdce, zapadl do propasti v\u011bk\u016f a na jeho m\u00edsto nastoupil ryt\u00ed\u0159, kter\u00fd je rozv\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm diplomatem, p\u00e1nem sv\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, politikem, velitelem sv\u00fdch houf\u016f a sv\u00fdch nevoln\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Francouzsk\u00fd ryt\u00ed\u0159 Jean de Joinville \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 sv\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li, kdy\u017e ten ho verbuje na novou k\u0159\u00ed\u017eovou v\u00fdpravu: &#8222;Chci-li jednat podle bo\u017e\u00ed v\u016fle&#8230; pak z\u016fstanu zde, abych mohl pom\u00e1hat sv\u00fdm lidem a chr\u00e1nit je.&#8220; Kr\u00e1l Jan v\u0161ak chce b\u00fdt ryt\u00ed\u0159em st\u016fj co st\u016fj. Ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 ve vlastn\u00edm kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed spr\u00e1vce a tr\u00e1v\u00ed cel\u00e9 roky v cizin\u011b. P\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed dom\u016f jen aby jednal o nov\u00fdch dan\u00edch a z\u00edskal nov\u00e9 prost\u0159edky, kter\u00e9 mu umo\u017en\u00ed v\u00e9st \u017eivot, kter\u00fd miluje. Nevyb\u00edr\u00e1 si \u010dest \u2014 zastavuje svoje i kr\u00e1lovniny statky, zleh\u010duje minci, vyd\u00edr\u00e1 \u017eidy, ob\u00edr\u00e1 kostely. Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed je jeho osobn\u00edm majetkem a jakmile z\u00edsk\u00e1 pen\u00edze, odch\u00e1z\u00ed znovu na rok, na dva roky ze zem\u011b do ciziny, aby &#8222;tam, co n\u011bjak\u00fd dobrodruh se tal\u00e1cel, i nov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky strojil&#8230; o dom\u00e1c\u00ed kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed sv\u00e9 nic se nestaraje,&#8220; (Palack\u00fd). Bojuje v Rakousku, ve Slezsku, v Litv\u011b, Prus\u00edch, bojuje proti Pol\u00e1k\u016fm i Uhr\u016fm, v Bavorsku, s arcibiskupem Kol\u00ednsk\u00fdm, obl\u00e9h\u00e1 Mety, jeho korouhve vlaj\u00ed v It\u00e1lii, ve Flandrech, ve Francii. Na boji\u0161t\u00edch se mu \u010dasto dost\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch funkc\u00ed a b\u00fdv\u00e1 i velitelem cel\u00fdch vojsk, jako roku 1322 v ta\u017een\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159e proti Fridrichu Rakousk\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Je to nejen proto, \u017ee kr\u00e1l Jan p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed na boji\u0161t\u011b proslaven\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 bojovn\u00edky, ale i pro kr\u00e1lovy osobn\u00ed bojov\u00e9 vlastnosti. V\u017edy\u0165 v\u00e1lka v t\u00e9to dob\u011b na po\u010d\u00e1tku 14. stolet\u00ed je z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159stva. Ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e1 j\u00edzda rozhoduje v bitv\u011b, j\u00ed\u017e pravideln\u00e9 ka\u017ed\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed vrchol\u00ed. Bitvy jsou sv\u00e1d\u011bny desetitis\u00edcov\u00fdmi vojsky, do boje zasahuje v\u0161ak jen \u010d\u00e1st. P\u011bchota na \u010das zmizela z boji\u0161t\u011b. Znevoln\u011bn\u00fd lid ztratil\u00a0 sv\u00e9 bojov\u00e9 vlastnosti, hod\u00ed se leda k obsluze kon\u00ed, voz\u016f, zbroje. J\u00e1drem je dru\u017eina, kdy pod erbem feud\u00e1la se sdru\u017euj\u00ed vazal\u0161t\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i se sv\u00fdmi zbrojno\u0161i\u00a0\u00a0 nebo n\u00e1mezdn\u00e9 odd\u00edly \u010di m\u011bstsk\u00e9 houfy milice. Hlavn\u00ed roli m\u00e1 ryt\u00ed\u0159, zakut\u00fd i s kon\u011bm do pl\u00e1tov\u00e9ho od\u011bn\u00ed. Ve vojsku nen\u00ed organizovanost a k\u00e1ze\u0148. Urozen\u00ed p\u00e1nov\u00e9 se neradi pod\u0159izuj\u00ed, maj\u00ed svou hlavu a \u010dasto z vojska odch\u00e1zej\u00ed. Tito \u0161lechti\u010dt\u00ed\u00a0\u00a0 individualist\u00e9 nemohou bojovat v n\u011bjak\u00e9 bitevn\u00ed formaci. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku bitvy sice vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed jakousi sestavu bu\u010f v rozvinut\u00e9 linii nebo v kl\u00ednu, ale vlastn\u00ed bitva je \u017eiveln\u00fdm bojem jednotliv\u00fdch dru\u017ein, nebo soubojem ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tak bylo i u Kres\u010daku. Tehdy byl v\u0161ak Jan ji\u017e slep\u00fd. Od ml\u00e1d\u00ed m\u011bl slab\u00fd zrak a roku 1337 p\u0159i l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed ve Vratislavi se jeho stav stal kritick\u00fd. V\u0161ak francouzsk\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159e dal kr\u00e1l utopit v\u00a0 Od\u0159e. Arabsk\u00fd \u0161arlat\u00e1n v Praze p\u0159ipravil kr\u00e1le o prav\u00e9 oko a chirurgov\u00e9 v Montpellieru o lev\u00e9. V boji st\u00e1l Jan i se synem Karlem na stran\u011b Francouz\u016f. Vrhli se nedo\u010dkav\u011b na nep\u0159\u00edtele, jisti si p\u0159esilou. Angli\u010dan\u00e9 v\u0161ak zaujali obranu ve t\u0159ech sledech a \u0161\u00edpy lu\u010di\u0161tnik\u016f, kop\u00ed wallesk\u00e9 a irsk\u00e9 p\u011bchoty i me\u010de op\u011b\u0161al\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f zar\u00e1\u017eely vlny ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 francouzsk\u00e9 j\u00edzdy. Sedmn\u00e1ctkr\u00e1te podnikli Francouzi \u00fatok, sedmn\u00e1ctkr\u00e1te byli se ztr\u00e1tami odra\u017eeni.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010cesk\u00fd kr\u00e1l, kdy\u017e se dozv\u011bd\u011bl o ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e9m pr\u016fb\u011bhu bitvy, na\u0159\u00eddil, aby jeho kon\u011b p\u0159ipoutali dva ryt\u00ed\u0159i mezi sebe a\u00a0 pronesl pr\u00fd onu slavnou v\u011btu: \u201eTo\u0165 bohd\u00e1 nebude, by kr\u00e1l \u010cesk\u00fd z boje ut\u00edkal!&#8220; \u010cesk\u00e1 dru\u017eina s heslem &#8222;Praha&#8220; se vrhla do nejl\u00edt\u011bj\u0161\u00edho boje, byla ni\u010dena a Jan Lucembursk\u00fd, krv\u00e1cej\u00edc\u00ed z mnoha ran a do posledn\u00ed chv\u00edle bojuj\u00edc\u00ed, spadl z kon\u011b.\u00a0\u00a0 Tak daleko od sv\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, skon\u010dil prvn\u00ed lucembursk\u00fd panovn\u00edk v \u010cech\u00e1ch a na jeho tr\u016fn nastoupil tv\u016frce \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, modern\u00ed panovn\u00edk \u2014 diplomat Karel IV.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V erbu anglick\u00fdch n\u00e1sledn\u00edk\u016f tr\u016fnu, princ\u016f Walesk\u00fdch, jsou 3 sup\u00ed pera. Zdob\u00ed tento erb od 28. srpna 1348 do dne\u0161n\u00edch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1086,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[183,184,182,136],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1087"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1087"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1087\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}