{"id":1102,"date":"2012-03-06T11:37:52","date_gmt":"2012-03-06T10:37:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/03\/06\/caesar-tvrce-moderniho-ima\/"},"modified":"2012-03-06T11:37:52","modified_gmt":"2012-03-06T10:37:52","slug":"caesar-tvrce-moderniho-ima","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/03\/06\/caesar-tvrce-moderniho-ima\/","title":{"rendered":"Caesar – tv\u016frce modern\u00edho \u0158\u00edma"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"caesar\"Starov\u011bk\u00fd \u0158im – to\u0165 obrovsk\u00e1 d\u011bjinn\u00e1 legenda, sou\u010d\u00e1st evropsk\u00e9 civilizace. A \u0159ekne\u0161-li \u0158\u00edm, ozve se ti Caesar, ona velk\u00e1 postava antiky, tolikr\u00e1t citovan\u00e1 historiky, st\u00e1tn\u00edky, voj\u00e1ky, spisovateli.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u017divot a d\u00edlo Gaia Julia Caesara je op\u0159eden legendami. V nich je idealizov\u00e1n jako postava polobo\u017esk\u00e1, jako vzor ctnost\u00ed, jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0158\u00edman. Jsou vzpom\u00edn\u00e1na jeho slavn\u00e1 v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nad Gally, Afri\u010dany i \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi protivn\u00edky, z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 si soucit generaci svou tragickou smrt\u00ed z ruky p\u0159\u00edtele, pro n\u011bho\u017e z hranice \u017eivota a smrti m\u00e1 hlubok\u00fd povzdech: \u201eI ty, Brute!“, n\u011bm\u017e jakoby bylo umocn\u011bno stra\u0161n\u00e9 b\u0159\u00edm\u011b osamocen\u00e9ho g\u00e9nia.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ka\u017ed\u00e1 spole\u010densk\u00e1 a kulturn\u00ed epocha evropsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin vid\u00ed v\u0161ak sv\u00e9ho Caesara. Shakespear\u016fv Caesar je symbolem p\u0159elomu epoch v \u017eivot\u011b \u0158\u00edma, nositelem d\u011bjinn\u00e9 dynamiky. Napoleon I., a jeho nepoda\u0159en\u00fd synovec Napoleon III. vid\u00ed v Caesarovi nedosti\u017en\u00fd vzor imper\u00e1tora, kter\u00fd, jsa op\u0159en o arm\u00e1du, vybudoval sv\u011btovou velmoc. Co \u010din\u00ed Caesara jednou z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch starov\u011bk\u00fdch postav? Je t\u0159eba nejprve pod\u00edvat se na \u0158im 1. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. v jeho\u017e prvn\u00edm roce – roku 100 – se Gaius Julius narodil ve \u0161lechtick\u00e9 rodin\u011b, jej\u00ed\u017e p\u016fvod on s\u00e1m odvozoval a\u017e od Aenea a bohyn\u011b Venu\u0161e. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b se ji\u017e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 republika p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvala. P\u0159ed \u0158\u00edmem se vyno\u0159uj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky: jak d\u00e1le udr\u017eet a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it panstv\u00ed, jak udr\u017eet statis\u00edce otrok\u016f na uzd\u011b, jak uspokojit radik\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bstskou chudinu, denn\u011b rostouc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edlivem zb\u00edda\u010del\u00fdch roln\u00edk\u016f do m\u011bsta, jak uklidnit provincie, nespokojen\u00e9 s vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0161lechty? \u0158\u00edm \u010dek\u00e1 na siln\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce, kter\u00fd z republiky u\u010din\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i – imp\u00e9rium. St\u00e1v\u00e1 se j\u00edm Caesar. Pro plebejce se st\u00e1v\u00e1 Caesar mluv\u010d\u00edm jejich politick\u00e9ho programu, nam\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9ho proti vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed nobilit\u011b-\u0161lecht\u011b. Caesar z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010detn\u00e9 vysok\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady, st\u00e1v\u00e1 se konsulem a v roce 60 s Pompeiem a Grossem vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vl\u00e1du t\u0159\u00ed nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch – triumvir\u00e1t. Caesarova pozornost je obr\u00e1cena ke Galii. To je prostor \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 agrese. \u201eJe v\u0161em dosti zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee Galie se d\u011bl\u00ed na t\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti…“ p\u00ed\u0161e v prvn\u00ed v\u011bt\u011b Caesar ve sv\u00fdch „Z\u00e1pisc\u00edch o v\u00e1lce gallsk\u00e9.“<\/p>\n

Starov\u011bk\u00e1 Galie – to\u0165 dne\u0161n\u00ed Belgie, Por\u00fdn\u00ed, \u0160v\u00fdcarsko, Francie. Do tohoto prostoru se tla\u010d\u00ed i kmeny Germ\u00e1n\u016f, kter\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed do pohybu keltsk\u00e9 kmeny – obyvatele Galie. \u0158\u00edm pokl\u00e1d\u00e1 pohyb obyvatel\u016f za p\u0159\u00edznak nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro It\u00e1lii a proto roku 58 Caesar sah\u00e1 ke zbrani. \u00dakol \u0159e\u0161il po \u010d\u00e1stech. Zastavil vp\u00e1d germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch Sueb\u016f p\u0159es R\u00fdn, poko\u0159il Belgy, a koncem roku 56 se stal p\u00e1nem cel\u00e9 zem\u011b. \u0158\u00edm pan\u00e1ct dn\u00ed slavil toto v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Roku 52 se Gallov\u00e9 pod Vercingetorigem pokusili o povst\u00e1n\u00ed. Caesar v\u0161ak v\u010das sjednotil sv\u00e9 roztrou\u0161en\u00e9 legie a s nesm\u00edrnou brutalitou uhasil po\u017e\u00e1r. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Avariku dal pob\u00edt 40 000 mu\u017e\u016f, \u017een i d\u011bt\u00ed. Jeho vojsko zahnalo Vercingetoriga do Alesie, oblehlo ji dvojit\u00fdm p\u00e1sem opevn\u011bn\u00ed a v bitv\u011b nep\u0159\u00edtele zni\u010dilo. Vercingetorix byl p\u0159iveden v poutech do \u0158\u00edma. V \u0158\u00edm\u011b se v\u0161ak prohlubuje politick\u00e1 krize. Sen\u00e1t a Pompeius vid\u00ed v Caesarov\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtele, lid v n\u011bm vid\u00ed spasitele. Sen\u00e1t na\u0159izuje Caesarovi, aby rozpustil vojsko a ode\u0161el z Galie. Vojsko a tribunov\u00e9 lidu vyz\u00fdvaj\u00ed k z\u00e1sahu. Caesar si nic jin\u00e9ho nep\u0159eje a proto 10. ledna 49 stoj\u00ed se sv\u00fdmi legiemi na italsko-gallsk\u00e9 hranici a pron\u00e1\u0161\u00ed ona pam\u00e1tn\u00e1 slova: \u201eKostky jsou vr\u017eeny!“ Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pochod na \u0158\u00edm a ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. V jej\u00edm pr\u016fb\u011bhu byl Pompeius a jeho p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eenci zni\u010deni v Hisp\u00e1nii i v Thessalii, v Egypt\u011b dosadil na tr\u016fn Caesar p\u0159ekr\u00e1snou Kleopatru a v asijsk\u00e9 Bythynii pron\u00e1\u0161\u00ed sv\u00e9 legend\u00e1rn\u00ed: „P\u0159i\u0161el jsem, vid\u011bl jsem, zv\u00edt\u011bzil jsem!“ Caesar se v roce 45 st\u00e1v\u00e1 samovl\u00e1dcem \u0158\u00edma, je v\u0161ak natolik proz\u00edrav\u00fd, aby za nad\u0161en\u00e9ho souhlasu dav\u016f odm\u00edtl kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd diad\u00e9m. Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 jeho vl\u00e1da, napln\u011bn\u00e1 sm\u011bl\u00fdmi pl\u00e1ny a reformami, kter\u00e1 dala z\u00e1klad k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed modern\u00edho \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria. 15. b\u0159ezna 44 vsak Caesar pad\u00e1, zasa\u017een d\u00fdkami sv\u00fdch odp\u016frc\u016f, p\u0159ej\u00edc\u00edch si obnovit \u201estar\u00fd“ \u0158\u00edm. Zem\u0159el slavn\u00fd vojev\u016fdce, st\u00e1tn\u00edk, \u0159e\u010dn\u00edk, autor d\u011bl b\u00e1snick\u00fdch, historick\u00fdch, dramatick\u00fdch, hv\u011bzd\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch – mu\u017e velik\u00e9ho a hlubok\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Teprve Caesar dovedl vytvo\u0159it obrovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1mezdn\u00ed vojsko, novou j\u00edzdu. Zorganizoval legie a zv\u00fd\u0161il jejich man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed schopnost i bojeschopnost. Jeho velitelsk\u00fd sbor ji\u017e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 plnit n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u00fakoly budouc\u00edch \u0161t\u00e1b\u016f. V boj\u00edch s nep\u0159\u00edtelem se projevil Caesar\u016fv vojev\u016fdcovsk\u00fd talent. Byl strat\u00e9gem i taktikem. V Galii rozd\u011bl\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtele, po\u010detn\u00e9 siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, a zdol\u00e1v\u00e1 ho po \u010d\u00e1stech. Por\u00e1\u017e\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtele na otev\u0159en\u00e9m poli a u Alesie prokazuje sv\u00e9 mistrovstv\u00ed v obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed. Jeho dv\u011b opevn\u011bn\u00e9 linie umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed jednak blokovat uzav\u0159en\u00e9 m\u011bsto, jednak zachytit vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fatok. V rozhodn\u00e9 bitv\u011b, v n\u00ed\u017e zu\u0159\u00ed boj na obou lini\u00edch, se Caesar odva\u017euje vy\u010dlenit \u010d\u00e1st vojska v samostatn\u00fd od\u0159ad j\u00edzdy a p\u011bchoty, kter\u00fd obejde \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka a \u00faderem z boku a t\u00fdlu rozhodne bitvu o Alesii, kter\u00e1 byla bitvou o Galii. V bitv\u011b u Farsalu roku 48 pom\u00fd\u0161lel Pompeius za\u00fato\u010dit na prav\u00e9 Caesarovo k\u0159\u00eddlo. Z pohybu odd\u00edlu poznal Caesar z\u00e1m\u011br nep\u0159\u00edtele.<\/p>\n

Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed proto znovu zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed sestavu: Vyb\u00edr\u00e1 nejschopn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed legion\u00e1\u0159e, stav\u00ed je na m\u00edsto hlavn\u00edho n\u00e1poru nep\u0159\u00edtele a nav\u00edc vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ze t\u0159i tis\u00edc voj\u00e1k\u016f zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed z\u00e1lohu \u2014 \u010dtvrt\u00fd \u0161ik za prav\u00fdm k\u0159\u00eddlem. V boji skute\u010dn\u011b rozhodne tato \u201earm\u00e1dn\u00ed“ z\u00e1loha. Caesar ve sv\u00fdch bitv\u00e1ch v\u017edy dovedl zjistit rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed moment a p\u0159ipravit takovou s\u00edlu, jej\u00ed\u017e pou\u017eit\u00ed rozhodlo o v\u00fdsledku. Dovedl t\u011b\u017eit z ter\u00e9nu a ze schopnost\u00ed sv\u00fdch vojsk man\u00e9vrovat, a\u0165 u\u017e ve smyslu strategick\u00e9m (Galie 52), nebo taktick\u00e9m (\u0159eka Sicorisa r. 49, kdy bez bitvy donutil nep\u0159\u00edtele k \u00fastupu, kter\u00fd byl de facto por\u00e1\u017ekou). Toto v\u0161e \u010din\u00ed z Caesara ji\u017e vskutku modern\u00edho vojev\u016fdce.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklad Caesara – vojev\u016fdce je nem\u00e9n\u011b velk\u00fd, ne\u017e p\u0159iklad Caesara – zakladatele \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria. Pr\u00e1vem se skv\u00ed v souhv\u011bzd\u00ed slavn\u00fdch postav sv\u011btov\u00fdch vojev\u016fdc\u016f v\u0161ech dob.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Starov\u011bk\u00fd \u0158im – to\u0165 obrovsk\u00e1 d\u011bjinn\u00e1 legenda, sou\u010d\u00e1st evropsk\u00e9 civilizace. A \u0159ekne\u0161-li \u0158\u00edm, ozve se ti Caesar, ona velk\u00e1 postava<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1101,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[193,136,192],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1102"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1102"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1102\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1101"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}