{"id":1113,"date":"2012-03-27T19:15:22","date_gmt":"2012-03-27T17:15:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/03\/27\/kdo-ml-pijit-po-leninovi-1\/"},"modified":"2012-03-27T19:15:22","modified_gmt":"2012-03-27T17:15:22","slug":"kdo-ml-pijit-po-leninovi-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/03\/27\/kdo-ml-pijit-po-leninovi-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Kdo m\u011bl p\u0159ij\u00edt po Leninovi ? (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"lenin1\"\u201eSoudruh Stalin soust\u0159edil ve sv\u00fdch rukou nesm\u00edrnou moc, a j\u00e1 si nejsem jist, dok\u00e1\u017ee-li v\u017edy dost obez\u0159etn\u00e9 t\u00e9to moci pou\u017e\u00edvat,“<\/strong><\/em> napsal V. I. Lenin roku 1922. Pro\u010d vlastn\u011b nebylo p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnuto k Leninovu n\u00e1zoru na Stalinovo odvol\u00e1n\u00ed z funkce gener\u00e1ln\u00edho tajemn\u00edka? <\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Mohl ho n\u011bkdo v t\u00e9to funkci nahradit u\u017e ve dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch letech? To jsou ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 sov\u011btsk\u00e1 historick\u00e1 literatura prakticky neosv\u011btlila. Odpov\u011bd\u011bt na n\u011b se pokou\u0161\u00ed doktor historick\u00fdch v\u011bd Nikolaj VASECKIJ.<\/p>\n

Za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed dvac\u00e1t\u00e1 l\u00e9ta. Ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka pr\u00e1v\u011b skon\u010dila. V zemi panuje hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd chaos. V b\u0159eznu 1921 se sch\u00e1z\u00ed X, sjezd KSR(b), kter\u00fd se usn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed o p\u0159echodu od politiky \u201ev\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho komunismu“ k nov\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 politice (Nep), je\u017e nahrad\u00ed v\u0161eobecnou dod\u00e1vkovou povinnost (1) natur\u00e1ln\u00ed dan\u00ed. Nep tak\u00e9 m\u011bnil direktivn\u011b voluntaristick\u00e9 metody \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed na p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ekonomick\u00e9 p\u00e1ky. To v\u0161e p\u0159isp\u011blo k o\u017eiven\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

Sov\u011btskou zemi a komunistickou stranu v\u0161ak \u010dekala nov\u00e1 zkou\u0161ka. V. L Lenin v\u00e1\u017en\u011b onemocn\u011bl a byl nucen 16. prosince 1922 odej\u00edt na zdravotn\u00ed dovolenou, z n\u00ed\u017e se u\u017e nevr\u00e1til<\/p>\n

\u201eTROJKA“<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b Lenina byli \u010dleny politick\u00e9ho byra strany J. V. Stalin, L B. Kamen\u011bv, L. D. Trockij, G. J. Zinovjev, A.I. Rykov, M. P. Tomskij. Sedm\u00fdm \u010dlenem se stal po Leninov\u011b smrti roku 1924 N. I. Bucharin.<\/p>\n

V politick\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b \u00daV KSR(b), kterou na ja\u0159e 1923 p\u0159ednesl Zinovjev (2), se pravilo: „Budeme muset pokyny Vladim\u00edra Ilji\u010de nahradit kolektivn\u00ed prac\u00ed.“<\/p>\n

Zinovjev v\u0161ak nebyl up\u0159\u00edmn\u00fd. Nem\u011bl v\u016fbec na mysli pr\u00e1ci cel\u00e9ho \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdboru, n\u00fdbr\u017e p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jeho ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, takzvan\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159ili Stalin, Kamen\u011bv (3) a s\u00e1m Zinovjev. U\u017e od roku 1917 spolupracovali ve stran\u011b a osobn\u011b se p\u0159\u00e1telili. Stalin a Kamen\u011bv byli spole\u010dn\u011b v sibi\u0159sk\u00e9m vyhnanstv\u00ed a po \u00fanoru 1917 se z n\u011bj tak\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u011b vr\u00e1tili. Dlouho zast\u00e1vali stejn\u00e1 stanoviska, k nim\u017e m\u011bl bl\u00edzko i Zinovjev.<\/p>\n

V \u0159\u00edjnu 1917 se Stalin p\u0159i\u010dinil o to, aby Zinovjev a Kamen\u011bv nebyli vylou\u010deni ze strany, jak po\u017eadoval Lenin za to, \u017ee se postavili proti Leninov\u011b orientaci na ozbrojen\u00e9 povst\u00e1n\u00ed a Prozat\u00edmn\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b vyzradili pl\u00e1ny bol\u0161evik\u016f.<\/p>\n

A kone\u010dn\u011b v\u0161echny t\u0159i spojovalo je\u0161t\u011b jedno pouto: boj proti spole\u010dn\u00e9mu protivn\u00edkovi, kter\u00fd se zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 dychtiv\u011b bral o prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto ve stran\u011b a st\u00e1tu \u2014 Trock\u00e9mu. \u201eTrojka“ se v \u010dele politick\u00e9ho byra nejen pokusila chopit se funkce hlavn\u00edho \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edho centra, ale tak\u00e9 se v\u0161emo\u017en\u011b sna\u017eila, aby se k re\u00e1ln\u00e9 moci nedostali jin\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 politick\u00e9ho byra.<\/p>\n

Jak si „trojka“ rozd\u011blila funkce a povinnosti? Zinovjev byl hlavn\u00edm \u0159e\u010dn\u00edkem. Kamen\u011bv u\u017e za Leninova \u017eivota p\u0159edsedal zased\u00e1n\u00edm politick\u00e9ho byra. „V\u0161echny formulace ot\u00e1zek, v\u0161echna rozhodnut\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z jeho \u00fast, on je formuluje a tajemn\u00edk soudruh Gljasser zapisuje,“ pod\u011blil se o sv\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1ni na jednom ze sjezd\u016f K. J. Voro\u0161ilov*. Krom\u011b toho se Kamen\u011bv pova\u017eoval za \u201emu\u017ee pov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho celkov\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm na\u0161eho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed“.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se stal Stalin gener\u00e1ln\u00edm tajemn\u00edkem \u00daV, soust\u0159edil se na pr\u00e1ci apar\u00e1tu. \u201eSoudruh Stalin m\u00e1 v rukou apar\u00e1t a m\u016f\u017ee j\u00edm pohybovat a disponovat,“ \u0159\u00edkal rovn\u011b\u017e Voro\u0161ilov. Stalin se ujal je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed, nem\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 politick\u00e9 funkce, toti\u017e v\u00fdb\u011bru a rozm\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vedouc\u00edch i m\u00edstn\u00edch stranick\u00fdch k\u00e1dr\u016f. Z\u00e1sady tohoto v\u00fdb\u011bru formuloval takto: \u201eMluv\u00ed se o neshod\u00e1ch a t\u0159enic\u00edch v guberni\u00edch. Mus\u00edm \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee neshody a t\u0159enice maj\u00ed krom\u011b z\u00e1porn\u00fdch str\u00e1nek i kladn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm pramenem neshod a t\u0159enic je to, \u017ee se gubernsk\u00e9 v\u00fdbory sna\u017e\u00ed v sob\u011b vytvo\u0159it semknut\u00e9, pevn\u011b stmelen\u00e9 j\u00e1dro, schopn\u00e9 plynul\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Tento c\u00edl a tato snaha jsou zcela zdrav\u00e9 a opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9.“<\/p>\n

Tento zaj\u00edmav\u00fd n\u00e1zor dosv\u011bd\u010duje, \u017ee Stalin podporoval \u201epraxi neshod“. A kdy\u017e se na podzim 1921 dostal Zinovjev v Petrohrad\u011b do konfliktu s v\u011bt\u0161inou gubernsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdboru, jeho\u017e \u010dlenov\u00e9 nelib\u011b nesli, \u017ee Zinovjev nehodl\u00e1 db\u00e1t n\u00e1zor\u016f jin\u00fdch komunist\u016f, postavil se Stalin jednozna\u010dn\u011b za Zinovjeva. Roku 1923 za\u0161el je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1l: \u201eNen\u00ed t\u0159eba dokazovat, \u017ee kdyby takov\u00fdch vedouc\u00edch skupin v gubernsk\u00fdch v\u00fdborech nebylo, kdyby bylo v\u0161echno z\u0159\u00edzeno tak, aby se ,dob\u0159\u00ed‘ i ,\u0161patn\u00ed‘ vz\u00e1jemn\u011b vyrovn\u00e1vali, nem\u011bly by gubernie \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 veden\u00ed…“ To u\u017e byla nezast\u0159en\u00e1 polemika s Leninem, kter\u00fd h\u00e1jil nutnost vytvo\u0159it podm\u00ednky pro svornou pr\u00e1ci k\u00e1dr\u016f pr\u00e1v\u011b se z\u0159etelem k osobn\u00edm vlastnostem lidi, k \u201ejejich n\u00e1tu\u0159e“.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201eSoudruh Stalin soust\u0159edil ve sv\u00fdch rukou nesm\u00edrnou moc, a j\u00e1 si nejsem jist, dok\u00e1\u017ee-li v\u017edy dost obez\u0159etn\u00e9 t\u00e9to moci pou\u017e\u00edvat,“<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1112,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[106,23,24],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1113"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1113"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1113\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1112"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1113"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}