{"id":1160,"date":"2012-04-18T17:51:02","date_gmt":"2012-04-18T15:51:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/04\/18\/dvanact-sekund-zmnilo-svt\/"},"modified":"2012-04-18T17:51:02","modified_gmt":"2012-04-18T15:51:02","slug":"dvanact-sekund-zmnilo-svt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/04\/18\/dvanact-sekund-zmnilo-svt\/","title":{"rendered":"Dvan\u00e1ct sekund zm\u011bnilo sv\u011bt"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"wright\" Na p\u00edskov\u00e9m pahorku Kill Devil Hill v bl\u00edzkosti Kitty Hawku v Severn\u00ed Karol\u00edn\u011b se onoho studen\u00e9ho prosincov\u00e9ho dne roku 1903 se\u0161lo n\u011bkolik ryb\u00e1\u0159\u016f, pobud\u016f a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f. Pozd\u011bji se k nim p\u0159idru\u017eilo n\u011bkolik mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed z m\u011bsta. Kr\u00e1tili si \u010das \u0161tiplav\u00fdmi nar\u00e1\u017ekami a posm\u011b\u0161n\u00fdmi pozn\u00e1mkami adresovan\u00fdmi dv\u011bma mlad\u00fdm mu\u017e\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed jako posedl\u00ed st\u00e1le n\u011bco montovali na podivn\u00e9m apar\u00e1tu ze d\u0159eva a lodn\u00edch plachet. Takov\u00e1 byla kulisa jednoho z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch okam\u017eik\u016f v cel\u00e9 historii lidstva.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Onoho studen\u00e9ho prosincov\u00e9ho dne u\u010dinil neforemn\u00fd apar\u00e1t ze d\u0159eva a lodn\u00edch plachet sv\u00e9 prvn\u00ed skoky. Byla to porodn\u00ed hodina letadla. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd z ryb\u00e1\u0159\u016f a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f tehdy netu\u0161il velikost a v\u00fdznam tohoto dne. Sm\u00e1li se a \u017eertovali nad bl\u00e1zniv\u00fdm po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm brat\u0159\u00ed Orvilla a Wilbura Wrightov\u00fdch, samotn\u00fd apar\u00e1t je zaj\u00edmal jen m\u00e1lo. A p\u0159ece byl mezi n\u00e1hodn\u00fdmi div\u00e1ky jeden \u010dlov\u011bk v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m obleku, kter\u00fd ch\u00e1pal, co se zde vlastn\u011b d\u011bje. Dnes ji\u017e jeho jm\u00e9no nezn\u00e1me. A pr\u00e1v\u011b jemu d\u011bkuje tehdej\u0161\u00ed chudi\u010dk\u00e1 premi\u00e9ra za sv\u016fj dne\u0161n\u00ed lesk. Onen nad\u0161en\u00fd div\u00e1k nab\u00eddl toti\u017e \u010dl\u00e1nek o prvn\u00edch skoc\u00edch letadla velk\u00fdm novin\u00e1m v zemi. Nikdo mu v\u0161ak nev\u011b\u0159il, nikdo zpr\u00e1vu nep\u0159ijal.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkolik dn\u00ed p\u0159edt\u00edm psal tisk v cel\u00e9 zemi o p\u0159\u00edprav\u00e1ch profesora Samuela P. Langleye na prvn\u00ed let, o \u201esilou poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9m l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edm stroji“, kter\u00fd st\u00e1l 70 000 dolar\u016f, kter\u00fd se v\u0161ak p\u0159ed zraky mnoha div\u00e1k\u016f a novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f z\u0159\u00edtil do \u0159eky Potomacu. To zna\u010dn\u011b zchladilo v\u0159el\u00fd z\u00e1jem tisku o l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed apar\u00e1ty. Zpr\u00e1va o prvn\u00edm motorov\u00e9m letu \u010dlov\u011bka se proto objevila pouze v nev\u00fdznamn\u00e9m provin\u010dn\u00edm pl\u00e1tku Norfolk Virginian Pilot.<\/p>\n

Dnes v\u00edme, \u017ee tato report\u00e1\u017e nen\u00ed v mnoha jednotlivostech zcela p\u0159esn\u00e1. Slo\u017een\u00ed apar\u00e1tu stejn\u011b jako jeho d\u00e9lku a dobu letu pozorovatel docela p\u0159esn\u011b neodhadl. Zpr\u00e1va se vsak pozoruhodn\u011b jasn\u011b zab\u00fdv\u00e1 technick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, kter\u00fd se Wright\u016fm poda\u0159ilo vy\u0159e\u0161it.<\/p>\n

ZPR\u00c1VA O PRVN\u00cdM LETU<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m vzdu\u0161n\u00e9 j\u00edzdy bez pou\u017eit\u00ed bal\u00f3nu se zd\u00e1 kone\u010dn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161en. Nad p\u00edse\u010dn\u00fdmi pahorky nedaleko Kitty Hawku v Severn\u00ed Karol\u00edn\u011b dok\u00e1zali dva mu\u017ei z Ohia, \u017ee lze vlastnoru\u010dn\u011b postaven\u00fdm strojem vystoupit do vzduchu a podle libosti jej \u0159\u00eddit a usm\u011br\u0148ovat.<\/p>\n

Rychlost v\u011btru dosahovala 34 kilometr\u016f za hodinu, co\u017e ov\u0161em v\u00fdkon apar\u00e1tu v\u00fdznamn\u011bji neovlivnilo. Vznesl se jako obrovsk\u00fd pt\u00e1k nad p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9 duny a p\u0159i v\u0161ech man\u00e9vrech poslouchal pokyny sv\u00e9ho v\u016fdce. Kdy\u017e ulet\u011bl tra\u0165 asi p\u011bt kilometr\u016f, usedl op\u011bt graci\u00f3zn\u011b na m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 si pilot d\u0159\u00edve zvolil pro p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco vl\u00e1da Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f vynalo\u017eila tis\u00edce dolar\u016f na nepoda\u0159en\u00fd pokus profesora Langteye, p\u0159ipravovali v tichu a ve v\u0161\u00ed tajnosti brat\u0159i Wilbur a Orville Wrightov\u00e9 sv\u016fj \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj. Dok\u00e1zaly to pokusy.<\/p>\n

Nejsou je\u0161t\u011b tak daleko, aby mohli informovat sv\u011bt o podrobnostech sv\u00e9ho vyn\u00e1lezu, av\u0161ak \u010dasopis Virginian Pilot je opr\u00e1vn\u011bn zve\u0159ejnit n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u00fadaje o podstat\u011b, principu a slo\u017een\u00ed konstrukce apar\u00e1tu. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed idea leteck\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 na my\u0161lence krabicov\u00e9ho draka: charakteristickou formu d\u00e1v\u00e1 apar\u00e1tu obrovsk\u00e1 kostra z lehk\u00fdch d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch d\u00fdh a \u017eeber, 10 metr\u016f dlouh\u00e1, p\u016fldruh\u00e9ho metru vysok\u00e1 a pr\u00e1v\u011b tak \u0161irok\u00e1. Jej\u00ed horn\u00ed a doln\u00ed plocha je obepnuta tenk\u00fdm, ale pevn\u00fdm pl\u00e1tnem.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b ve st\u0159edu, bezprost\u0159edn\u011b pod horn\u00ed plochou, je zav\u011b\u0161en mal\u00fd benz\u00ednov\u00fd motor, kter\u00fd poh\u00e1n\u00ed ot\u00e1\u010dec\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 t\u00e1hne apar\u00e1t vp\u0159ed a zved\u00e1 vzh\u016fru. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou vrtulov\u00fdch \u0161roub\u016f se \u0161esti lopatkami. Jedna vrtule je um\u00edst\u011bna bezprost\u0159edn\u011b pod t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm nosn\u00e9 plochy a je-li v \u010dinnosti, vyr\u00e1b\u00ed vznosn\u00fd v\u00edr. Druh\u00e1 je v zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho stroje, ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed se horizont\u00e1ln\u011b a vzbuzuje s\u00edlu, kter\u00e1 t\u00e1hne stroj vp\u0159ed. Uprost\u0159ed letounu tr\u010d\u00ed dop\u0159edu velk\u00e1 pl\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e1 plocha, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed ke kormidlov\u00e1n\u00ed. Obsluhuje ji \u0159idi\u010d a jej\u00ed pomoc\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee uchylovat doprava nebo doleva, stoupat nebo klesat.<\/p>\n

Na \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed sedadlo zasedl Wilbur Wright, kter\u00fd se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pod\u00edlel na v\u00fdrob\u011b l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho apar\u00e1tu. Kdy\u017e bylo v\u0161echno hotovo, uvolnil jeho bratr kotvu, kter\u00e1 poutala apar\u00e1t k rozjezdov\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze. Mohutn\u00e1 krabice se po\u010dala chv\u011bt, pomalu se rozj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bt po svahu, zvy\u0161ovala rychlost a kdy\u017e ujela polovinu dr\u00e1hy, asi 15 metr\u016f, byl zapnut motor. Zadn\u00ed vrtule se za\u010dala ihned rychle ot\u00e1\u010det. Na konci dr\u00e1hy \u201evyst\u0159elil“ apar\u00e1t do pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9ho prostoru.<\/p>\n

Mezit\u00edm byta zapjata i vrtule, kter\u00e1 zvedala stroj do v\u00fd\u0161e. Apar\u00e1t se zachv\u011bl a po\u010dal pomalu stoupat, a\u017e let\u011bl asi 18 metr\u016f nad zem\u00ed. V t\u011b dob\u011b musel p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat protiv\u00edtr, p\u0159esto v\u0161ak let\u011bl zna\u010dn\u011b rychle, asi 34 km za hodinu. Proto\u017ee se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 chv\u011bl a letec se ho sna\u017eil vyrovn\u00e1vat, omezil po\u010det ot\u00e1\u010dek zadn\u00ed vrtule a po chv\u00edli doc\u00edlil pravideln\u00e9 rychlosti 13 kilometr\u016f za hodinu.<\/p>\n

UT\u00cdKAJ\u00cdC\u00cd LID\u00c9 NESTA\u010cILI<\/p>\n

Hrstka ryb\u00e1\u0159\u016f a pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edch str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed od z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pozorovali s neskr\u00fdvanou zv\u011bdavost\u00ed z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed obou brat\u0159\u00ed, p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm ustrnula. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se pokusili b\u011b\u017eet po p\u00edsku a dr\u017eet krok s p\u0159edm\u011btem ve vzduchu. Ten se v\u0161ak pomalu, ale jist\u011b vzdaloval i se sv\u00fdm \u0159idi\u010dem. \u201ePokus je \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd,“ ozn\u00e1mil Orville Wright p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eej\u00edc\u00edm, kdy\u017e apar\u00e1t ulet\u011bl bez poruchy cel\u00fd kilometr. Av\u0161ak vyn\u00e1lezce v \u0159idi\u010dsk\u00e9m sedle byl spokojen teprve po p\u011btikilometrov\u00e9m letu, b\u011bhem n\u011bho\u017e vyzkou\u0161el v\u0161echny druhy man\u00e9vrov\u00e1n\u00ed. Potom si vyhl\u00e9dl m\u00edste\u010dko k p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed a i s apar\u00e1tem se sn\u00e1\u0161el pomalu a m\u011bkce k zemi. Velk\u00fd pt\u00e1k na ni bez po\u0161kozen\u00ed dosedl.<\/p>\n

\u00dasp\u011bch obou brat\u0159\u00ed byl v\u00fdsledkem tvrd\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e1 trvala bez p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed pln\u00e1 t\u0159i l\u00e9ta. Prov\u00e1d\u011bli pokus za pokusem a stihl je mnoh\u00fd nezdar. Ka\u017ed\u00fd nevyda\u0159en\u00fd pokus v\u0161ak byl pro oba zdrojem nov\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed. Kdy\u017e p\u0159i\u0161li na podzim do Kitty Hawku, d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ovali si. M\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 si vyhl\u00e9dli pro stavbu a dokon\u010den\u00ed sv\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu, pat\u0159\u00ed k nejopu\u0161t\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm na atlantsk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Le\u017e\u00ed na ji\u017en\u00edm v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eku onoho kousku p\u016fdy, kter\u00fd se \u201eproslavil“ jako h\u0159bitov lod\u00ed a kter\u00fd je odd\u011blen od civilizace a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho sv\u011bta. Pouze jednou nebo dvakr\u00e1t t\u00fddn\u011b zde p\u0159ist\u00e1v\u00e1 parn\u00edk, aby p\u0159evzal vl\u00e1dn\u00ed po\u0161tu. Nebylo vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho m\u00edsta, kter\u00e9 by uchovalo tajemstv\u00ed podniku brat\u0159\u00ed Wright\u016f. Apar\u00e1t, kter\u00fd se tu vznesl, lehce unese mu\u017ee v\u00e1\u017e\u00edc\u00edho 60 kilogram\u016f. Je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u011b velik\u00fd jako onen, kter\u00fd stav\u011bl profesor Langley a kter\u00fd spadl do Potomacu.<\/p>\n

Podle d\u016fv\u011brn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed brat\u0159i Wrightov\u00e9 stavbu dal\u0161\u00edho, je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho apar\u00e1tu, ale nejprve se vr\u00e1t\u00ed dom\u016f, aby se trochu zotavili.<\/p>\n

Vyn\u00e1lezce Wilbur Wright je statn\u00fd mu\u017e sebev\u011bdom\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Je sn\u011bd\u00fd, vlasy m\u00e1 hladk\u00e9 a \u010dern\u00e9 jako havran, nad enormn\u011b dlouh\u00fdm a ostr\u00fdm nosem pohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed na n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edka p\u00e1r pronikav\u00fdch modr\u00fdch o\u010d\u00ed. Naproti tomu bratr Orville je blond\u00fdn a m\u00e1 sv\u011btlou ple\u0165. Jeho tv\u00e1\u0159 m\u00e1 velmi pravideln\u00e9 rysy a nad n\u00ed sv\u00edt\u00ed uhran\u010div\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 o\u010di. Nen\u00ed tak velk\u00fd jako Wilbur, ale je stejn\u011b sebev\u011bdom\u00fd.<\/p>\n

V p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdch t\u0159ech letech str\u00e1vili oba brat\u0159i podzimy, zimy a p\u0159edja\u0159\u00ed v Kitty Hawku a pracovali na sv\u00e9m vyn\u00e1lezu. Kdy\u017e se oteplilo, rad\u011bji odj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bli a pokra\u010dovali ve sv\u00e9 tajn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti jinde. Naposledy p\u0159ijeli 1. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Od t\u00e9 doby se neust\u00e1le zab\u00fdvali stavbou apar\u00e1tu, kter\u00fd nyn\u00ed prod\u011blal sv\u016fj prvn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd k\u0159est.<\/p>\n

Archiv NoS<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 Na p\u00edskov\u00e9m pahorku Kill Devil Hill v bl\u00edzkosti Kitty Hawku v Severn\u00ed Karol\u00edn\u011b se onoho studen\u00e9ho prosincov\u00e9ho dne roku 1903<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1159,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[6],"tags":[136,216],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1160"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1160"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1160\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1159"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1160"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1160"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}