{"id":1247,"date":"2012-06-25T20:16:36","date_gmt":"2012-06-25T18:16:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/06\/25\/zwingli-a-kalvin-1\/"},"modified":"2012-06-25T20:16:36","modified_gmt":"2012-06-25T18:16:36","slug":"zwingli-a-kalvin-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/06\/25\/zwingli-a-kalvin-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Zwingli a Kalv\u00edn (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"zwingli\"V d\u011bjin\u00e1ch k\u0159es\u0165ansko feud\u00e1ln\u00ed Evropy 16. stolet\u00ed sehr\u00e1lo zna\u010dnou \u00falohu \u0160v\u00fdcarsko, konfederace m\u011bstsk\u00fdch i venkovsk\u00fdch kanton\u016f, rozlo\u017een\u00fdch v alpsk\u00fdch \u00fadol\u00edch i podh\u016f\u0159\u00edch. Jeho zv\u00fdznamn\u011bn\u00ed souvis\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami zem\u011b, s n\u00e1stupem bur\u017eoazn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami v oblasti ideologick\u00e9, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b n\u00e1bo\u017eensko teologick\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Rozmet\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u00edch tradic a ust\u00e1len\u00fdch my\u0161lenkov\u00fdch stereotyp\u016f napomohla mohutn\u00e1 reforma\u010dn\u00ed bou\u0159e, kter\u00e1 se rozpoutala nad N\u011bmeckem a postupn\u011b za\u010d\u00ednala pronikat i do sousedn\u00edch zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nemalou m\u011brou se o toto roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159i\u010dinili Zwingli s Kalv\u00ednem, jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00ednos nov\u00e9mu teologick\u00e9mu my\u0161len\u00ed byl tak sv\u00e9bytn\u00fd, \u017ee jsou spolu s Lutherem po\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed ke klasik\u016fm reformace a vliv jejich u\u010den\u00ed sah\u00e1 a\u017e k sou\u010dasn\u00fdm reformovan\u00fdm c\u00edrkv\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Ujasn\u011bme si n\u011bkter\u00e9 historick\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti a ujasn\u011bme si jejich v\u00fdznam pro dne\u0161ek.<\/p>\n

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) byl v\u00edce ne\u017e kter\u00fdkoliv jin\u00fd reform\u00e1tor poznamen\u00e1n humanistick\u00fdm my\u0161len\u00edm, jeho\u017e stopy v n\u011bm z\u016fstaly po cel\u00fd \u017eivot. Nen\u00ed divu. V\u017edy\u0165 nab\u00fdv\u00e1 teologick\u00e9ho a filozofick\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed ve stolet\u00ed renesan\u010dn\u00edho kvasu, kdy Evropa p\u0159et\u00e9k\u00e1 obdivem k v\u011bd\u00e1m, um\u011bn\u00ed a literatu\u0159e, zp\u0159\u00edstup\u0148uje kulturn\u00ed a filozofick\u00e9 hodnoty antiky, odvrac\u00ed se od teocentrick\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f a oslavuje nov\u00e9 pojet\u00ed sv\u011bta a \u010dlov\u011bka. Bern, Basilej a V\u00edde\u0148, to jsou m\u011bsta, kter\u00e1 ho natrvalo poznamen\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Neutuchaj\u00edc\u00ed obdiv ho p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu reprezentantu evropsk\u00fdch humanist\u016f \u2014 Erasmu Rotterdamsk\u00e9mu. My\u0161lenky tohoto u\u010dence m\u016f\u017eeme zcela opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b pova\u017eovat za reforma\u010dn\u00ed podhoub\u00ed. T\u0159eba\u017ee s\u00e1m reformaci nep\u0159ijal, ovlivnil ji. Ve sv\u00e9 Chv\u00e1le bl\u00e1znivosti, v\u011bnovan\u00e9 anglick\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edteli T. Morovi, zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148oval \u0159\u00edmskou kurii a jej\u00ed p\u0159edstavitele dlouho p\u0159ed \u00fadern\u00fdm vystoupen\u00edm M. Luthera.<\/p>\n

Zwingli pochytil hodn\u011b cenn\u00e9ho jak z osobn\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy, tak z pe\u010dliv\u00e9ho studia Erasmov\u00fdch spis\u016f. U\u010denec ho orientuje tak\u00e9 na filologick\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed pramen\u016f, zejm\u00e9na pramen\u016f tehdy nejv\u00edce cen\u011bn\u00fdch, Star\u00e9ho a Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Poj\u00ed je \u00facta k velk\u00fdm myslitel\u016fm p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 antiky, s nimi\u017e se Zwingli c\u00edt\u00ed b\u00fdt duchovn\u011b sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn.<\/p>\n

T\u0159eba\u017ee humanismus zas\u00e1hl v\u0161echny reform\u00e1tory, jejich spolupracovn\u00edky i \u017e\u00e1ky, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se s jeho podstatou roze\u0161li. Av\u0161ak u Zwingliho jsou stopy humanistick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed a filozofick\u00e9 erudice patrny ve v\u0161ech spisech, kter\u00e9 jsou ve skute\u010dnosti n\u00e1bo\u017eensko filozofick\u00fdmi trakt\u00e1ty. Takov\u00fdm je spis Archeteles [1522), kde \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, aby autorita P\u00edsma byla stav\u011bna nad autoritu c\u00edrkevn\u00edho u\u010den\u00ed, takov\u00fdmi jsou i pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spisy Po\u010det z v\u00edry [1530) a V\u00fdklad k\u0159estansk\u00e9 v\u00edry (1531). Zcela filozofick\u00fd je v nich zp\u016fsob uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed o bohu, lidsk\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti, zcela neteologick\u00e9 je odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed h\u0159\u00ed\u0161nosti lidsk\u00e9 ne z prvn\u00edho h\u0159\u00edchu, ale z integrity t\u011blesnosti a duchovna. Tak\u00e9 v Kristu vid\u011bl p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mravn\u011b lidsk\u00fd vzor, hodn\u00fd n\u00e1podoby, nezd\u016fraz\u0148uje p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 v\u00fdznam jeho smrti.<\/p>\n

Humanistick\u00e1 rozumov\u00e1 kritika c\u00edrkevn\u00ed zbo\u017enosti a mravn\u00ed nespokojenost s prax\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ivedla Zwingliho na stranu reformace. Po teologick\u00e9m sv\u011bcen\u00ed v Kostnici, pro n\u00e1s neblaze proslul\u00e9, p\u016fsob\u00ed jako far\u00e1\u0159 v Glaru a Einsiedelnu. Ji\u017e v t\u00e9to dob\u011b, nez\u00e1visle na Lutherovi, si uv\u011bdomuje mnoh\u00e9 rozpory mezi u\u010den\u00edm bible, k\u00e1zanou teori\u00ed a praktick\u00fdmi zvyklostmi katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve. Spisy n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho reform\u00e1tora, p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed do \u0160v\u00fdcarska, v\u0161ak podporuj\u00ed jeho odvahu a Zwingli se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do sporu s kostnick\u00fdm biskupem o ot\u00e1zce p\u016fstu. To ji\u017e je kazatelem sedmitis\u00edcov\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Curychu.<\/p>\n

S \u00famyslem z\u00edskat pro sv\u00e9 reforma\u010dn\u00ed c\u00edle m\u011bstskou radu nab\u00edz\u00ed j\u00ed ve\u0159ejnou disputaci. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k n\u00ed v lednu 1523. Obsah jedn\u00e1n\u00ed shrnuje Zwingli do 67 v\u011bt, tzv. Schlussreden, jejich\u017e roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd v\u00fdklad je\u0161t\u011b t\u00e9ho\u017e roku vych\u00e1z\u00ed kni\u017en\u011b. V nich se programov\u011b klade d\u016fraz na P\u00edsmo: \u201eV\u0161ichni, kdo\u017e prav\u00ed, \u017ee evangelium nen\u00ed ni\u010d\u00edm bez z\u00e1ruky c\u00edrkve, bloud\u00ed a rouhaj\u00ed se Bohu.“ A d\u00e1le: \u201e… v\u0161ichni, kdo\u017e si jin\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, stejn\u011b nebo v\u00edce ne\u017e evangelia, bloud\u00ed a nev\u011bd\u00ed, co je evangelium.“<\/p>\n

Tyto v\u011bty byly schv\u00e1leny a p\u0159ijaty; m\u011bstsk\u00e1 rada d\u00e1v\u00e1 za pravdu Zwinglimu a usn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed se stav\u011bt autoritu P\u00edsma svat\u00e9ho nad autoritu c\u00edrkevn\u00edho u\u010den\u00ed, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bchem jsou i n\u011bkter\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 reformy, nap\u0159\u00edklad konfiskace kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edho majetku, je\u017e je pou\u017eit k p\u00e9\u010di o chud\u00e9. Vzedmut\u00e1 vlna nepokoj\u016f, n\u00e1siln\u00e9 po\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed kostel\u016f a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed obraz\u016f si v\u0161ak vy\u017e\u00e1daly dal\u0161\u00ed dv\u011b ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 disputace, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed Zwinglimu v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed a Curychu definitivn\u00ed vyman\u011bn\u00ed se z podru\u010d\u00ed \u0158\u00edma.<\/p>\n

Rok 1525, kdy prob\u011bhla t\u0159et\u00ed disputace, si udr\u017eel kulturn\u011b politick\u00fd v\u00fdznam a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby. V tomto roce dosahuje reformace nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho rozp\u011bt\u00ed a dob\u00fdv\u00e1 nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed. Ve spise V\u00fdklad o prav\u00e9m a bludn\u00e9m n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed pod\u00e1v\u00e1 Zwingli soustavn\u00fd v\u00fdklad reforma\u010dn\u00edho u\u010den\u00ed. Jsou uzav\u0159eny kl\u00e1\u0161tery, zru\u0161en biskupsk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad, odm\u00edtnut celib\u00e1t, katolick\u00e9 sv\u00e1tosti, uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed soch a obraz\u016f; poprv\u00e9 je slavena \u201eve\u010de\u0159e P\u00e1n\u011b“ podle nov\u00e9ho ob\u0159adu.<\/p>\n

D\u00edky Zwinglimu byla cury\u0161sk\u00e1 reformace, tak jako posl\u00e9ze i v ostatn\u00edch \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch republik\u00e1ch, \u00fazce spjata s \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed moc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zwingli byl typem politicky uva\u017euj\u00edc\u00edho \u010dlov\u011bka, jemu\u017e funkce proroka-kazatele spl\u00fdvala s povinnost\u00ed \u201epe\u010dovat“ o lid. Proto se zam\u011b\u0159il na soci\u00e1ln\u00ed etiku a politiku, proto ustavil soudn\u00ed v\u00fdbor, kter\u00fd bd\u011bl nad ob\u010dansk\u00fdmi mravy, i zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed soud pro man\u017eelsk\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti.<\/p>\n

Za nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Zwingliho po\u010din v oblasti teologick\u00e9 lze pova\u017eovat zalo\u017een\u00ed \u201eProphezei“, kter\u00e1 se stala z\u00e1kladem cury\u0161sk\u00e9 univerzity a reformovan\u00fdch teologick\u00fdch \u0161kol na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Zde se studovalo, \u010detlo a vysv\u011btlovalo P\u00edsmo. P\u011btkr\u00e1t t\u00fddn\u011b se sch\u00e1zeli kazatel\u00e9, far\u00e1\u0159i, \u017e\u00e1ci a odborn\u00edci, srovn\u00e1vali \u0159eck\u00fd, latinsk\u00fd i hebrejsk\u00fd text Star\u00e9ho a Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona a nal\u00e9zali nejstar\u0161\u00ed a nejp\u016fvodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jazykov\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed. Z t\u011bchto zased\u00e1n\u00ed vze\u0161el cury\u0161sk\u00fd p\u0159eklad P\u00edsma do n\u011bm\u010diny, tzv. cury\u0161sk\u00e1 bible, kter\u00e1 se dodnes vyzna\u010duje jazykovou p\u0159esnost\u00ed. Zwingli pova\u017eoval P\u00edsmo za z\u00e1vazn\u00e9; byl to z\u00e1kon, bylo to vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed bo\u017e\u00ed v\u016fle. Proto tak\u00e9 k P\u00edsmu se obracel p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed soudn\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed, v n\u011bm hledal radu a jemu p\u0159izp\u016fsoboval soudn\u00ed v\u00fdroky a na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tyto reformy byly vbrzku napodobov\u00e1ny a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily se i do dal\u0161\u00edch m\u011bst, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm do Bernu, Basileje, Svat\u00e9ho Havla, Glaru aj. Za\u010dal se tvo\u0159it svaz evangelick\u00fdch kanton\u016f. Slo\u017eit\u00e1 vnitropolitick\u00e1 situace zem\u011b v\u0161ak utu\u017eila odpor kanton\u016f katolick\u00fdch, nebo\u0165 prosazovan\u00e9 a uskute\u010d\u0148ovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny se nedot\u00fdkaly pouze n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry, ale p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely s sebou i politick\u00e9, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed aj. opravy. N\u011bkolikalet\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed propuklo roku 1531 ve v\u00e1lku, v n\u00ed\u017e byl Curych v bitv\u011b u Kappelu pora\u017een a Zwingli zabit. V\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed katol\u00edk\u016f do\u010dasn\u011b p\u0159ibrzdilo postup reformace, zabr\u00e1nit j\u00ed v\u0161ak nedok\u00e1zalo. Jej\u00ed horliv\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznivci neust\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159ovali okruh p\u016fsoben\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V d\u011bjin\u00e1ch k\u0159es\u0165ansko feud\u00e1ln\u00ed Evropy 16. stolet\u00ed sehr\u00e1lo zna\u010dnou \u00falohu \u0160v\u00fdcarsko, konfederace m\u011bstsk\u00fdch i venkovsk\u00fdch kanton\u016f, rozlo\u017een\u00fdch v alpsk\u00fdch \u00fadol\u00edch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1246,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[35,219,241],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1247"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1247"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1247\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1246"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1247"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}