{"id":132,"date":"2020-08-08T00:25:02","date_gmt":"2020-08-07T22:25:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2006\/06\/23\/demokracie-po-esku\/"},"modified":"2020-08-02T02:05:46","modified_gmt":"2020-08-02T00:05:46","slug":"jak-si-ignac-semmelweiss-znicil-karieru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2020\/08\/08\/jak-si-ignac-semmelweiss-znicil-karieru\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak si Ign\u00e1c Semmelweiss zni\u010dil kari\u00e9ru"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Ma\u010farsk\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159<em> Ign\u00e1c Filip Semmelweiss<\/em> (1818-1865) p\u016fsobil v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed a byl prvn\u00edm obh\u00e1jcem povinn\u00e9ho myt\u00ed rukou, zejm\u00e9na pro l\u00e9ka\u0159e. Jen\u017ee kv\u016fli tomu se mu posm\u00edvala cel\u00e1 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 komunita.<\/strong><!--more--><br \/>\nV\u0161echno to za\u010dalo v roce 1847, kdy se <em>Semmelweis<\/em> stal vedouc\u00edm porodnice v nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 nemocnici, v hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Rakouska. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b jedna ze \u0161esti \u017een v nemocnici zem\u0159ela po porodu z takzvan\u00e9 poporodn\u00ed hore\u010dky.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edznaky byly v\u017edy stejn\u00e9. U \u017eeny do\u0161lo k hore\u010dce, za\u010dala bolest b\u0159icha, o n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed pozd\u011bji zem\u0159ela, a d\u00edt\u011b z\u016fstalo bez matky. Pitva \u017een v\u017edy ukazovala to sam\u00e9. L\u00e9ka\u0159i a studenti v\u011bd\u011bli, co uvid\u00ed a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm, co uc\u00edt\u00ed. Z\u00e1pach byl tak siln\u00fd, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed studenti okam\u017eit\u011b zvraceli. D\u011bloha byla zan\u00edcena a po\u0161kozena, vaje\u010dn\u00edky a vejcovody byly napln\u011bny hnisem, jako\u017e i b\u0159i\u0161n\u00ed dutina. Byly zasa\u017eeny v\u0161echny vnit\u0159n\u00ed org\u00e1ny \u017eeny.<\/p>\n<p>Pro toto v\u0161echno bylo mnoho vysv\u011btlen\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i \u0159\u00edkali, \u017ee plodov\u00e1 voda n\u011bkdy te\u010de zp\u011bt do porodn\u00edho kan\u00e1lu. Jin\u00ed \u0159\u00edkali, \u017ee ml\u00e9ko pronik\u00e1 z prsu do t\u011bla a tam hnije. Je\u0161t\u011b jin\u00ed v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou byly n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice ve vzduchu, nebo \u017ee to v\u0161echno souvis\u00ed s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi rysy \u017eeniny konstituce. N\u011bkter\u00e9 matky zem\u0159ely na tuto hore\u010dku, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 s n\u00edm nem\u011bly probl\u00e9m. A l\u00e9ka\u0159i s t\u00edm nemohli nic d\u011blat.<\/p>\n<p>A tady p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed <em>Ign\u00e1c Semmelweiss<\/em>. Jako vedouc\u00ed dvou odd\u011blen\u00ed porodnic zjistil, \u017ee na odd\u011blen\u00ed, kde l\u00e9ka\u0159i a studenti pracovali u t\u011bhotn\u00fdch a u porodu, se desetkr\u00e1t zv\u00fd\u0161ila \u00famrtnost na mate\u0159skou hore\u010dku.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lel o tom, zda za to mohou l\u00e9ka\u0159i a studenti, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dasto p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli na porodnici z patologie. Kdy\u017e Ign\u00e1c zjistil rozd\u00edl v po\u010dtu \u00famrt\u00ed na mate\u0159skou hore\u010dku na obou odd\u011blen\u00edch, byl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee odd\u011blen\u00ed, kam st\u00e1le p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli l\u00e9ka\u0159i a studenti, bylo pro matky nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed, kde byly pouze zdravotn\u00ed sestry. Statistiky v\u0161ak z\u00e1rove\u0148 uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee matky, kter\u00e9 rod\u00ed doma, nebo bez jak\u00e9koli pomoci, um\u00edraj\u00ed mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee je bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed porodit d\u00edt\u011b za jak\u00fdchkoli jin\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, ne\u017e v nemocnici, kde byli nejlep\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i v zemi.<\/p>\n<p>A pak si <em>Ign\u00e1c<\/em> uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee l\u00e9ka\u0159i si s sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u201en\u011bco\u201c z pitevny k t\u011bhotn\u00fdm \u017een\u00e1m. Student \u010dasto mohl prov\u00e9st pitvu u \u017eeny, kter\u00e1 zem\u0159ela na mate\u0159skou hore\u010dku, a s nemyt\u00fdma rukama pak p\u0159ij\u00edt k porodu.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ign\u00e1c<\/em> dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice jsou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eny z jednoho m\u00edsta na druh\u00e9, na rukou l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a student\u016f. To byla teorie mikrob\u016f, vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e1 o dvacet let d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e s n\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161el Louis Pasteur (1822-1895).<\/p>\n<p><em>Semmelweiss<\/em> za\u010dal nutit l\u00e9ka\u0159e a studenty, aby si p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edchodem k t\u011bhotn\u00fdm \u017een\u00e1m umyli ruce a dezinfikovali chlorem. Po\u010det \u00famrt\u00ed na mate\u0159skou hore\u010dku se sn\u00ed\u017eil na 1,2 procenta ro\u010dn\u011b ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u00famrt\u00edm na druh\u00e9m odd\u011blen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Ale l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 komunita nemohla p\u0159ijmout Ign\u00e1covu my\u0161lenku. Vypadalo to hloup\u011b: l\u00e9ka\u0159i p\u0159ece nemohou sv\u00fdm pacient\u016fm ubl\u00ed\u017eit. V\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dasopis odm\u00edtl zve\u0159ejnit \u010dl\u00e1nek Ign\u00e1ce o jeho pr\u00e1ci. Bylo mu \u0159e\u010deno, \u017ee my\u0161lenka na dezinfekci chl\u00f3ru ji\u017e d\u00e1vno zem\u0159ela, a \u017ee by \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i nem\u011bli b\u00fdt uv\u00e1d\u011bni v omyl. <em>Ign\u00edc<\/em> ztratil respekt koleg\u016f. To v\u0161e vedlo k tomu, \u017ee se u n\u011bj vyvinula du\u0161evn\u00ed porucha.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1865 byl um\u00edst\u011bn do psychiatrick\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010debny, kde ho dozorci zabili.<\/p>\n<p>Uzn\u00e1n\u00ed se do\u010dkal a\u017e po smrti. Je po n\u011bm pojmenovan\u00e1 budape\u0161\u0165sk\u00e1 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 univerzita.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ma\u010farsk\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 Ign\u00e1c Filip Semmelweiss (1818-1865) p\u016fsobil v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed a byl prvn\u00edm obh\u00e1jcem povinn\u00e9ho myt\u00ed rukou, zejm\u00e9na pro<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3116,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8,6,9],"tags":[39],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=132"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3117,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132\/revisions\/3117"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}