{"id":1324,"date":"2012-09-10T10:00:15","date_gmt":"2012-09-10T08:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/09\/10\/z-anal-kolonialismu\/"},"modified":"2012-09-10T10:00:15","modified_gmt":"2012-09-10T08:00:15","slug":"z-anal-kolonialismu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/09\/10\/z-anal-kolonialismu\/","title":{"rendered":"Z an\u00e1l\u016f kolonialismu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"kolonialismus\"V nezaslou\u017een\u00e9 zapomenut\u00ed upadlo prvenstv\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho pape\u017ee, pokud jde o novodob\u00fd koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dek. Zajistil je pape\u017e Alexander VI., zh\u00fdral\u00fd otec zpustl\u00e9ho dona Caesara a proslul\u00e9 Lucrecie, kter\u00e9ho i jezuitsk\u00fd d\u011bjepisec Bla\u017eej Racek charakterizuje jako cti\u017e\u00e1dostiv\u00e9ho a zchytral\u00e9ho kaval\u00edra, jeho\u017e mravn\u00ed \u00fahonnost byla v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 zn\u00e1ma.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Kdy\u017e se roku 1493 vr\u00e1til Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus z prv\u00e9 americk\u00e9 plavby a zve\u0159ejnil anexi objeven\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed pro \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, zdvihlo proti tomu ostr\u00fd protest Portugalsko, kter\u00e9 se c\u00edtilo vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 poloze a dr\u017eb\u011b Azor a Madeiry po\u0161kozeno. Av\u0161ak Rodrigo Borgia vulgo Alexander VI. byl \u0160pan\u011bl a rozhodl pro \u0160pan\u011blsko: Portugalc\u016fm se uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 jejich n\u00e1rok na \u00fazem\u00ed za Azory, ale jen do ur\u010dit\u00e9 nevelk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti na z\u00e1pad od nejzaz\u0161\u00edho bodu souostrov\u00ed. Tudy dal pak v\u00e9st od p\u00f3lu k p\u00f3lu demarka\u010dn\u00ed linii: Co se objev\u00ed od n\u00ed na v\u00fdchod, daroval i s lidmi (!) kr\u00e1li portugalsk\u00e9mu, co na z\u00e1pad, katolick\u00fdm veli\u010denstv\u016fm \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

V\u00edme, \u017ee se dle tohoto rozhodnut\u00ed ob\u011b mocnosti skute\u010dn\u011b po ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry \u0159\u00eddily: dodnes se mluv\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky portugalsky, v z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsky.<\/p>\n

Pape\u017esk\u00e9 buly v\u0161ak nebral nikdy v\u00e1\u017en\u011b ani lid poroben\u00fdch zem\u00ed, ani katolick\u00fd dv\u016fr ve Francii, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b protestantsk\u00e1 Anglie, Nizozem\u00ed a jin\u00e9 nekatolick\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, jako D\u00e1nsko a \u0160v\u00e9dsko. V konkuren\u010dn\u00edm z\u00e1pase podl\u00e9hali ov\u0161em mal\u00ed dravci \u0161elm\u00e1m siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm: tak se \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 kolonie v 19. stolet\u00ed scvrkly na jedin\u00fd ostr\u016fvek v Mal\u00fdch Antil\u00e1ch o rozloze 21 km2, na kter\u00fd je\u0161t\u011b \u0160v\u00e9dov\u00e9 dopl\u00e1celi, a\u017e ho smlouvou z 10. srpna 1877 prodali za 60 000 frank\u016f Francouz\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Nejm\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdm konkurentem c\u00edrkvi po\u017eehnan\u00fdch vyko\u0159is\u0165ovatel\u016f se v\u0161ak stalo Braniborsko. Roku 1677 jmenoval kurfi\u0159t Fridrich Vil\u00e9m Holan\u010fana Benjamina Roul\u00e9a vrchn\u00edm \u0159editelem n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edho obchodu a plavby a na jeho radu do\u0161lo r. 1682 k zalo\u017een\u00ed braniborsk\u00e9 Africk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. T\u00e9ho\u017e roku p\u0159ist\u00e1l major von der Groeben se dv\u011bma v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdmi lo\u010fmi na vyhl\u00e9dnut\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed nyn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Ghany u mysu T\u0159\u00ed \u0161pic\u00ed (Tres Puntas), zabral kus \u00fazem\u00ed a zalo\u017eil tu pevnost Gross-Friedrichsburg, jej\u00ed\u017e rozvaliny dosud p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed Fridrich\u016fv koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed obchod. Africk\u00e9 dr\u017eavy spole\u010dnosti se rozrostly o ostr\u016fvek Arguin (1685) a p\u0159\u00edstave\u010dek Portendick v dne\u0161n\u00ed Mauret\u00e1nii; r. 1685 p\u0159evzal cel\u00fd podnik braniborsk\u00fd st\u00e1t. Akce ov\u0161em skon\u010dila \u00fapln\u00fdm krachem, a\u010d se Branibo\u0159i sna\u017eili od\u00edrat Afri\u010dany, jak jen mohli. Roku 1721 prodal prusk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Fridrich Vil\u00e9m africk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed Braniborska Holan\u010fan\u016fm: teprve za 183 l\u00e9ta poznala Afrika op\u011bt n\u011bmeck\u00fd koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed militarismus podnikem Bismarckov\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

V\u011brn\u00fdmi pr\u016fvodci dobyvatel\u016f se stali mision\u00e1\u0159i. C\u00edrkev si dovedla obratn\u011b zabezpe\u010dovat vliv v z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fdch dr\u017eav\u00e1ch jednotliv\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed, a nemusela se proto pou\u0161t\u011bt do riskantn\u00edho podnik\u00e1n\u00ed na vlastn\u00ed p\u011bst. Av\u0161ak i tu u\u010dinila n\u011bkolik zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch pokus\u016f. Tak r. 1651 z\u00edskal suver\u00e9nn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d johanit\u016f<\/em>, jen\u017e v t\u00e9 dob\u011b ovl\u00e1dal jako vlastn\u00ed st\u00e1t Maltu<\/em>, antilsk\u00fd ostr\u016fvek Sv. Bartolom\u011bje.<\/em> Hospoda\u0159il tam tak, \u017ee se tato n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 kolonie stala rejdi\u0161t\u011bm pir\u00e1t\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed ohro\u017eovali odtud obchod v cel\u00e9 St\u0159edn\u00ed Americe. Hrdinn\u00fdm ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016fm maltsk\u00fdm nezbylo, ne\u017e aby se sv\u00e9ho z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho panstv\u00ed zase rychle vzdali.<\/p>\n

Samostatnou kapitolou by mohly tvo\u0159it kaloniza\u010dn\u00ed pokusy jezuit\u016f<\/em>. Ti si z\u0159\u00eddili na uzem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed Paraguaye jak\u00fdsi st\u00e1t ve st\u00e1t\u011b, kter\u00fd podl\u00e9hal jen zcela form\u00e1ln\u011b \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li. Indi\u00e1ni tu byli nuceni k nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci na sv\u00e9 p\u00e1ny a nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm divem chlouba jezuitsk\u00e9ho d\u011bjepisce, \u017ee se tyto \u201esvobodn\u00e9 osady“, zvan\u00e9 redukce, vydr\u017eovaly samy, bez podpory Evropy. Sv\u011btovou ostudou skon\u010dilo hospoda\u0159en\u00ed jezuit\u016f na Martiniku, kde na plant\u00e1\u017e\u00edch \u0159\u00e1du pracovalo na p\u011bt set otrok\u016f. P\u0159edstaven\u00fd P\u00e1ter Lavalette dok\u00e1zal b\u011bhem p\u011bti let d\u00edk korupci a lichv\u011b prohospoda\u0159it 4,5 mili\u00f3nu zlat\u00fdch livr\u016f. Roku 1760 ohl\u00e1sil \u00fapadek a proto\u017ee ohromnou sumu nemohl zaplatit ani cel\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d v \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, bylo roku 1764 ve Francii Tovary\u0161stvo Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovo<\/em> dekretem Ludv\u00edka XV. zru\u0161eno.<\/p>\n

V t\u00e9 dob\u011b, kdy ji\u017e byla velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st nejv\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed rozchv\u00e1cena, p\u0159ihl\u00e1sili se o sv\u016fj pod\u00edl tak\u00e9 rakou\u0161t\u00ed Habsburci.<\/em> Na n\u00e1vrh amsterodamsk\u00e9ho N\u011bmce Wilhelma Boltse dala r. 1776 vypravit Marie Terezie n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed expedici k p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu nav\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed obchodu s Indi\u00ed a k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fdch osad. Prvou takovou dr\u017eavu se poda\u0159ilo expedici zabrat na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Mozambiku v z\u00e1toce Delagoa. Za\u010d\u00e1tkem kv\u011btna 1777 koupil W. Bolts od t\u0159\u00ed tamn\u00edch domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk\u016f oba b\u0159ehy \u0159eky, je\u017e se tu vl\u00e9v\u00e1 do mo\u0159e, zajistil si ostrov Iniaca, jen\u017e z\u00e1liv uzav\u00edr\u00e1, a postavil v \u010delo dr\u017eavy \u201eguvern\u00e9ra“ Ond\u0159eje Daniela Polleta, vybaven\u00e9ho plnou moc\u00ed, deseti voj\u00e1ky a n\u011bkolika d\u011bly. Smlouvy byly seps\u00e1ny anglicky a n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edci je podepsali arabsky. P\u0159\u00edsaha obsahuje slib v\u011brnosti Josefu II.<\/em> jako \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9mu c\u00edsa\u0159i a Marii Terezii<\/em> jako uhersk\u00e9 a \u010desk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovn\u011b. Obdobn\u011b byl proveden za pomoc\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edho mision\u00e1\u0159e Jednoty bratrsk\u00e9 z\u00e1bor druh\u00e9 osady r. 1778, na Nikoharech. Josef II. se zab\u00fdval pl\u00e1nem z\u00edskat americk\u00fd ostrov Tobago<\/em>, ale mezit\u00edm o ob\u011b kolonie p\u0159i\u0161el. Jm\u00e9no ostr\u016fvku Terezia v Indick\u00fdch Nikobarech je jedin\u00e9, co na map\u00e1ch sv\u011bta p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 tuto epizodu.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco se lze habsbursk\u00e9mu podniku je\u0161t\u011b alespo\u0148 trochu usm\u00e1t, nen\u00ed na koloniz\u00e1torsk\u00fdch akc\u00edch Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f americk\u00fdch<\/em> u\u017e v\u016fbec nic vesel\u00e9ho. Pod pl\u00e1\u0161t\u00edkem zn\u00e1m\u00e9 Monreovy doktr\u00edny provedly r. 1898 rafinovanou intervenci v boji kub\u00e1nsk\u00fdch vlastenc\u016f proti \u0160pan\u011bl\u016fm, aby pak po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed pomoc\u00ed kub\u00e1nsk\u00fdch loutkov\u00fdch \u201evl\u00e1d“ panovaly na ostrov\u011b samy. Na vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edm Portoriku, jej\u017e si podmanily tehdy p\u0159\u00edmo, trval \u00faporn\u00fd boj proti Yankee\u00fam, kte\u0159\u00ed vid\u011bli v ostrov\u011b p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm op\u011brn\u00fd bod zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed Panamsk\u011bbo pr\u016fplavu. Prvn\u00edm koloniz\u00e1torsk\u00fdm \u010dinem USA byl podvod, kter\u00fdm se Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 zmocnili bohat\u00e9 a rovn\u011b\u017e strategicky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 Havaje. Z n\u00e1vodu p\u0159edstaven\u00fdch vl\u00e1kal americk\u00fd d\u016fstojn\u00edk John Dominis tamn\u00ed kr\u00e1lovnu Lydii Kamachu Lilinokalaniovou na lo\u010f, o\u017eenil se s n\u00ed a u\u010dinil ji tak ob\u010dankou Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Form\u00e1ln\u00edmu prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed \u201esamostatn\u00e9“ republiky n\u00e1sledovala \u201esmlouva“ z 16. \u010dervna 1897, jej\u00edm\u017e d\u016fsledkem se stala okupace ostrov\u016f a jejich prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed tzv. teritoriem Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f americk\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Archiv NoS<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V nezaslou\u017een\u00e9 zapomenut\u00ed upadlo prvenstv\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho pape\u017ee, pokud jde o novodob\u00fd koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dek. Zajistil je pape\u017e Alexander VI., zh\u00fdral\u00fd otec<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1323,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[250,251],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1324"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1324"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1324\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1323"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1324"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1324"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1324"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}