{"id":135,"date":"2020-12-25T00:11:08","date_gmt":"2020-12-24T23:11:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2006\/06\/27\/kam-dopadneme\/"},"modified":"2020-12-28T21:05:12","modified_gmt":"2020-12-28T20:05:12","slug":"afghanistan-posledni-valka-sovetskeho-svazu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2020\/12\/25\/afghanistan-posledni-valka-sovetskeho-svazu\/","title":{"rendered":"Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n &#8211; Posledn\u00ed v\u00e1lka Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Pro\u010d obrovsk\u00fd SSSR nemohl zv\u00edt\u011bzit v mal\u00e9m Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu? <\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ed 41 lety, 25. prosince 1979, p\u0159ekro\u010dily sov\u011btsk\u00e9 jednotky afgh\u00e1nskou hranici<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3015\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan01-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan01-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan01-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan01.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr.1 25. prosince 1979, sov\u011btsk\u00e1 vojska vstoupila do Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-3016 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan02-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan02-300x300.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan02-150x150.jpg 150w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan02.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.2 Stahov\u00e1n\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk z Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, 15. \u00fanora 1989. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kdo to rozhodl?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Podle dokument\u016f (z\u00e1pisy ze sch\u016fz\u00ed <em>Politbyra \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdboru KSSS<\/em>) a <em>Rady ministra obrany SSSR,<\/em> se ot\u00e1zka vstupu voj\u00e1k\u016f za\u010dala projedn\u00e1vat ji\u017e na ja\u0159e 1978, kdy v <em>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu<\/em> prob\u011bhla revoluce <em>Saur<\/em> (<em>Dubnov\u00e1 revoluce<\/em>). Ale vl\u00e1dci, kte\u0159\u00ed se dostali k moci v <em>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu,<\/em> se setkali s prudk\u00fdm odporem opozice a ozbrojen\u00fdch skupin mud\u017eahed\u00edn\u016f, kter\u00e9 se nepod\u0159\u00eddily K\u00e1bulu. V\u016fdce saursk\u00e9 revoluce <strong>Hafizul\u00e1h Amin<\/strong> za\u010dal \u201ebombardovat\u201c Kreml \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o pomoc sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk.<em> Politbyro \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdboru KSSS<\/em> se to neodv\u00e1\u017eilo dlouho ud\u011blat, a za to nab\u00edzelo zbran\u011b. To v\u0161ak m\u011blo mal\u00fd vliv na bojovou p\u0159ipravenost afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. Tajn\u00fd p\u0159esun v\u00fdsadkov\u00fdch jednotek a speci\u00e1ln\u00edch jednotek GRU na nej\u017ehav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsta v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1979 tak\u00e9 m\u00e1lo zm\u011bnilo. Situace se stala kritickou. Na podzim roku 1979 po\u017e\u00e1dalo Politbyro ministerstvo obrany o stanovisko &#8211; co si gener\u00e1lov\u00e9 mysl\u00ed o vysl\u00e1n\u00ed vojsk? N\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk gener\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0161t\u00e1bu <em>Ogarkov<\/em> a jeho prvn\u00ed n\u00e1m\u011bstek <em>Achromejev<\/em> poslali ministru obrany <em>Ustinovovi<\/em> stanovisko proti vstupu. <em>Ustinov<\/em> ost\u0159e odpov\u011bd\u011bl:<em> \u201eNek\u0159i\u010d, ale poslouchej rozkaz!\u201c<\/em> (Soud\u011b podle odtajn\u011bn\u00e9 \u201e\u010derven\u00e9 slo\u017eky\u201c &#8211; z\u00e1pis ze sch\u016fz\u00ed politbyra byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b ji\u017e z\u00e1sadn\u00edm rozhodnut\u00edm). A 25. prosince \u0161la do jednotek sm\u011brnice ministra obrany o vysl\u00e1n\u00ed vojsk do <em>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3017\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan03-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan03-300x300.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan03-150x150.jpg 150w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan03.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.3 Bylo zde spousta ot\u00e1zek, ale hlavn\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed bylo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm udr\u017een\u00ed vysok\u00e9ho mor\u00e1ln\u00edho a politick\u00e9ho ducha a siln\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 discipl\u00edny. Fotografie: Victor Khabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Pro\u010d se za\u00fato\u010dilo na Amin\u016fv pal\u00e1c?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">V afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b za\u010dal boj o moc. Sov\u011btsk\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 rozv\u011bdka v\u0161ak z\u00edskala informace o tom, \u017ee Amin za\u010dal tajn\u011b flirtovat s Ameri\u010dany, kte\u0159\u00ed \u00fadajn\u011b ji\u017e p\u0159ipravovali sv\u00e9 jednotky na p\u0159esun do zem\u011b. Bylo nutn\u00e9 Amina odstranit. A tak se uskute\u010dnila operace <em>\u201e\u0160torm 333\u201c<\/em> &#8211; 27. prosince 1979, sov\u011btsk\u00e1 \u00fato\u010dn\u00e1 skupina (speci\u00e1ln\u00ed jednotky GRU, KGB , v\u00fdsadk\u00e1\u0159i a \u201e<em>muslimsk\u00fd prapor<\/em>\u201c), \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed asi 700 voj\u00e1k\u016f, obsadila za 45 minut prezidentsk\u00fd pal\u00e1c, kter\u00fd hl\u00eddalo v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 tis\u00edce voj\u00e1k\u016f. Tato operace se dostala do mnoha vojensk\u00fdch u\u010debnic. Sov\u011btsk\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edly p\u0159i \u00fatoku ztratily 11 lid\u00ed. Aminova str\u00e1\u017e &#8211; a\u017e 350.\u00a0Aminovo m\u00edsto zaujal <strong><em>Babrak Karmal<\/em><\/strong>, loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed Kremlu. Do t\u00e9 doby byl velvyslancem v \u010cSSR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3018\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan04-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan04-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan04-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan04.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr.4 Nej\u010dast\u011bji bylo nutn\u00e9 odpov\u00eddat na ot\u00e1zku voj\u00e1k\u016f &#8211; pro\u010d bychom m\u011bli j\u00edt do Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu? Ve skute\u010dnosti to ani mnoho d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f nev\u011bd\u011blo. Fotografie: Victor Khabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Byla nutn\u00e1 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed vojensk\u00e1 operace?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i pohledu zp\u011bt u\u017e m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 se j\u00ed vyhnout. V tu chv\u00edli v\u0161ak veden\u00ed SSSR v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee vojensk\u00e1 operace byla nevyhnuteln\u00e1. <em>Babrak Karmal<\/em> m\u011bl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho nep\u0159\u00e1tel. V arm\u00e1d\u011b i ve zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch. Zrada vzkv\u00e9tala. Stovky d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a voj\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159eb\u011bhli k <em>mud\u017eahed\u00edn\u016fm.<\/em> V mnoha m\u011bstech se m\u00edstn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady <em>K\u00e1bulu<\/em> nepod\u0159\u00eddily. Zachovat <em>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n<\/em> prosov\u011btsk\u00fdm bylo dos\u00e1hnout<em> \u201e\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed my\u0161lenek socialismu\u201c.<\/em> Ale nezachovat ho znamenalo &#8211; ztr\u00e1tu tv\u00e1\u0159e a dlouhodob\u011b \u2013 ztratit kontrolu nad ji\u017en\u00edmi hranicemi SSSR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3019\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan05-300x196.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan05-300x196.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan05-768x502.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan05.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.5 Hlavn\u00ed d\u016fraz byl kladen na skute\u010dnost, \u017ee se tak d\u011bje s c\u00edlem poskytnout afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fdm lidem mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pomoc. Fotografie: GLOBAL LOOK PRESS<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak za\u010dala v\u00e1lka?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00dapln\u011b prvn\u00ed (letecky) byla do Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu p\u0159esunuta <em>13. v\u00fdsadkov\u00e1 divize<\/em>, kter\u00e1 p\u0159evzala kontrolu nad leti\u0161t\u011bm v <em>K\u00e1bulu.<\/em> <em>108. motorizovan\u00e1 divize<\/em> p\u0159ekro\u010dila hrani\u010dn\u00ed \u0159eku <em>Amu Darja<\/em> do Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu. N\u00e1sledovaly dal\u0161\u00ed jednotky, obsadily velk\u00e9 osady a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pozice. Prvn\u00ed aktivn\u00ed bitvy s <em>mud\u017eahed\u00edny<\/em> za\u010daly 27. prosince.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3020\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan06-300x209.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan06-300x209.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan06-768x534.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan06-392x272.jpg 392w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan06-130x90.jpg 130w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan06.jpg 920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.6 Leti\u0161t\u011b v K\u00e1bulu po \u00fatoku du\u0161man\u016f. Foto: GLOBAL LOOK PRESS<\/em><\/p>\n<p>V samotn\u00e9m SSSR byla tato v\u00e1lka nejprve udr\u017eov\u00e1na v tajnosti. Noviny a televize ml\u010dely o jej\u00edm rozsahu a ztr\u00e1t\u00e1ch a informovaly pouze o pln\u011bn\u00ed <em>\u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed povinnosti\u201c<\/em> v <em>Afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 republice.<\/em> A\u017e teprve v polovin\u011b 80. let se za\u010dalo mluvit o v\u00e1lce.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3021\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan07-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan07-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan07-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan07.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.7 \u017denist\u00e9 Sov\u011btsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy prov\u00e1d\u00ed odminov\u00e1n\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti K\u00e1bulu. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kolik lid\u00ed bylo v omezen\u00e9m kontingentu?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Slo\u017een\u00ed skupiny se neust\u00e1le m\u011bnilo. Na vrcholu to bylo <strong>140 tis\u00edc<\/strong> lid\u00ed. Proti nim st\u00e1lo n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek jednotek <em>Mud\u017eahed\u00edn\u016f,<\/em> kter\u00e9 \u010d\u00edtaly <em>60 a\u017e 80 tis\u00edc<\/em> lid\u00ed. Nav\u00edc v\u0161ichni dostali pomoc od <em>Ameri\u010dan\u016f, Brit\u016f, N\u011bmc\u016f, Kana\u010fan\u016f<\/em> &#8211; pen\u011bzi, zbran\u011bmi, l\u00e9ky. Jak \u0159ekl velitel v\u00fdsadkov\u00e9 divize v <em>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu<\/em> a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <em>ministr obrany Ruska <strong>Pavel Gra\u010dev<\/strong>: \u201eCel\u00fd sv\u011bt bojoval proti n\u00e1m. Bylo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtat s v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3022\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan08-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan08-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan08-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan08.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.8 Pozice d\u011blost\u0159elc\u016f pobl\u00ed\u017e D\u017ealalab\u00e1du. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Co tomu sv\u011bt \u0159ekl?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dalo univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed vyt\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m USA vedly s\u00f3lo. Prezident USA <strong>Jimmy Carter<\/strong> zavolal gener\u00e1ln\u00edmu tajemn\u00edkovi \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdboru KSSS <strong>Leonidu Bre\u017en\u011bvovi<\/strong> a za\u010dal vy\u010d\u00edtat Kremlu <em>\u201eokupa\u010dn\u00ed politiku\u201c. Bre\u017en\u011bv<\/em> odpov\u011bd\u011bl velmi tvrd\u011b. Zde je v\u00fd\u0148atek z p\u0159episu jeho odpov\u011bdi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8222;V\u00e1\u017een\u00fd pane prezidente!&#8220; V reakci na va\u0161i zpr\u00e1vu z 29. prosince oznamuji n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed. (&#8230;) Vysl\u00e1n\u00ed omezen\u00e9ho sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho kontingentu do Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu slou\u017e\u00ed jednomu \u00fa\u010delu &#8211; napom\u00e1hat p\u0159i odra\u017een\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch agres\u00ed (&#8230;) Afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da n\u00e1m takovou \u017e\u00e1dost opakovan\u011b zas\u00edlala. Mimochodem, jedna z t\u011bchto \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed n\u00e1m byla zasl\u00e1na 26. prosince \u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Vy\u010d\u00edt\u00e1te n\u00e1m, \u017ee jsme p\u0159ed vchodem na\u0161ich vojsk do Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu toto nekonzultovali s vl\u00e1dou USA. A je mo\u017en\u00e9 se v\u00e1s zeptat &#8211; konzultovali jste s n\u00e1mi zah\u00e1jen\u00ed masivn\u00ed koncentrace n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch sil v Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu, a mnoho jin\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, o kter\u00fdch byste n\u00e1s m\u011bli alespo\u0148 informovat?\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Bre\u017en\u011bv, 29. prosince 1979.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3023\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan09-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan09-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan09-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan09.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr.9 \u017denist\u00e9 na pozic\u00edch pod Bagramem. Fotografie: Victor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3024\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan10-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan10-200x300.jpg 200w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan10-682x1024.jpg 682w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan10-768x1152.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan10.jpg 959w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.10 Airaton. Posledn\u00ed t\u00e1bor sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk den p\u0159ed sta\u017een\u00edm z Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Po t\u00e9to reakci Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty vyhl\u00e1sily sankce proti SSSR a vyzvaly k bojkotu olympijsk\u00fdch her 1980 v Moskv\u011b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3025\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan11-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan11-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan11-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan11.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.11 Velitel sov\u011btsk\u00fdch jednotek v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, gener\u00e1l Boris Gromov ve \u0161t\u00e1bu. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak dlouho v\u00e1lka trvala a \u010deho bylo dosa\u017eeno?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e1lka trvala v\u00edce ne\u017e 9 let (do sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk v \u00fanoru 1989). Sov\u011btsk\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m se v\u0161ak nepoda\u0159ilo zlomit mnoho\u010detn\u00e9 du\u0161mansk\u00e9 bandy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3026\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan12-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan12-200x300.jpg 200w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan12-682x1024.jpg 682w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan12-768x1152.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan12.jpg 959w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.12 Chairaton. Posledn\u00ed t\u00e1bor sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk den p\u0159ed sta\u017een\u00edm z Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Po odchodu<em> Omezen\u00e9ho kontingentu<\/em> byla socialistick\u00e1 vl\u00e1da <strong><em>Nad\u017e\u00edbull\u00e1ha<\/em><\/strong> (n\u00e1stupce <em>Babraka Karmala<\/em>) schopna z\u016fstat v <em>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu<\/em> po dobu dal\u0161\u00edch 2 let, zat\u00edmco ji SSSR pom\u00e1hal vyzbrojovat (co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee <em>Moskva<\/em> mohla od zaveden\u00ed jednotek od sam\u00e9ho za\u010d\u00e1tku upustit). Kdy\u017e u\u017e Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz s\u00e1m praskal ve \u0161vech, po ne\u00fasp\u011bchu pokusu zvr\u00e1tit situaci v srpnu 1991, <em>Jelcin\u016fv<\/em> ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed <em>Andrej Kozyrev<\/em> \u0159ekl: <em>\u201eV\u0161echno v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu je p\u0159ipraveno k urovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 br\u00e1n\u00ed tomu pouze sov\u011btsk\u00e1 podpora \u201eextremist\u016f\u201c v jejich\u017e \u010dele je Nad\u017eibullah.\u201c<\/em> A pomoc Moskvy skon\u010dila &#8230; <em>Nad\u017eibullah<\/em> se skr\u00fdval n\u011bkolik let v misi OSN v <em>K\u00e1bulu,<\/em> ale nakonec byl zajat a umu\u010den na ulici.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3027\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan13-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan13-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan13-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan13.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.13 Sov\u011btsk\u00fd voj\u00e1k p\u0159edstavuje americk\u00fd p\u0159enosn\u00fd syst\u00e9m protivzdu\u0161n\u00e9 obrany Stinger, uko\u0159ist\u011bn\u00fd afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fdm mud\u017eahed\u00edn\u016fm. Fotografie: Victor Khabarov \/ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Pot\u00e9 se ozbrojen\u00fd boj o moc a chaos stal ka\u017edodenn\u00edm afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fdm \u017eivotem. Islamist\u00e9 <em>Talibanu<\/em> zv\u00edt\u011bzili.<\/p>\n<p>Ale ne nadlouho. V roce 2001 <em>Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty<\/em> (a <em>NATO<\/em> ) zah\u00e1jily svou \u010dinnost v <em>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu<\/em> &#8211; ofici\u00e1ln\u011b jako reakci na teroristick\u00fd \u00fatok na WTO<em><strong> 11.9.2001<\/strong><\/em> v <em>New Yorku.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3028\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan14-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan14-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan14-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan14.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.14 Voj\u00e1ci z praporu majora U\u0161akova se p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed na ob\u011bd v poli v bl\u00edzkosti Polychumri. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 ve skute\u010dnosti \u0161l\u00e1pli na sov\u011btsk\u00e9 hr\u00e1b\u011b. Afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 operace jim nep\u0159inesla ani v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, ani sl\u00e1vu. <em>Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty<\/em> se v\u0161ak neodva\u017euj\u00ed st\u00e1hnout sv\u00e9 jednotky z t\u00e9to zem\u011b. U\u017e v\u011bd\u00ed, jak to skon\u010dilo pro SSSR \u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3029\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan15-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan15-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan15-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan15.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.15 Ran\u011bn\u00ed po bitv\u011b s mud\u017eahed\u00edny na prvn\u00ed zast\u00e1vce v bl\u00edzkosti K\u00e1bulu. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak bojovali voj\u00e1ci a d\u016fstojn\u00edci?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>86 voj\u00e1k\u016f a d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f z\u00edskalo titul <strong><em>Hrdina Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu<\/em><\/strong>. Z toho 28 posmrtn\u011b&#8230; <em>Zlat\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy<\/em> dostali <em>mar\u0161\u00e1l Sokolov<\/em> (pozd\u011bji ministr obrany SSSR), <em>gener\u00e1l Gra\u010dev<\/em> (pozd\u011bji ministr obrany Ruska), <em>gener\u00e1l Gromov<\/em> (pozd\u011bji gubern\u00e1tor Moskevsk\u00e9 oblasti), <em>kapit\u00e1n Au\u0161ev<\/em> (pov\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd na gener\u00e1la a zvolen hlavou <em>Ingu\u0161ska).<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3030\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan16-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan16-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan16-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan16.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.16 No\u010dn\u00ed salva raketov\u00e9ho d\u011blost\u0159electva na pozice mud\u017eahed\u00edn\u016f pobl\u00ed\u017e Bagramu. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Voj\u00edn <em>Afinogenov<\/em> v z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1983 byl \u010dlenem pr\u016fzkumn\u00e9 skupiny. P\u0159i p\u0159epadu kryl \u00fastup sv\u00fdch kamar\u00e1d\u016f. St\u0159\u00edlel, dokud mu nedo\u0161la munice. Obklopen <em>du\u0161many<\/em> se posledn\u00edm gran\u00e1tem zabil a zlikvidoval i 8 bojovn\u00edk\u016f. Stejn\u011b se zachovali poru\u010d\u00edci <em>Demakov, \u0160ornikov, Pavljukov, Kuzn\u011bcov<\/em>, ser\u017eanti <em>\u010cepik<\/em> a <em>Miron\u011bnko<\/em>. Des\u00e1tn\u00edk <em>Korjavin<\/em> a voj\u00edn <em>Askerov<\/em> hrdinsky zem\u0159eli, zachr\u00e1nili \u017eivot velitel\u016f, a major <em>Kovalev<\/em> navedl zasa\u017een\u00e9 letadlo mimo obytn\u00e9 budovy. Podplukovn\u00edk <em>Lev\u010denko<\/em> zopakoval <em>Gastellovo<\/em> hrdinstv\u00ed a nasm\u011broval ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed letadlo na nep\u0159\u00e1telskou pozici \u2026<em> (Nikolaj Gastello, Hrdina SSSR, 1908-1941)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3031\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan17-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan17-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan17-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan17.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.17 Sov\u011btsk\u00fd pilot vrtuln\u00edku st\u0159\u00edl\u00ed na pozice mud\u017eahed\u00edn\u016f v oblasti pr\u016fsmyku Salang. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak na to reagovalo SSSR?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed analytici se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee <em>\u201eafgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 trauma\u201c<\/em> nakonec vedlo k p\u00e1du SSSR, ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b mor\u00e1lky arm\u00e1dy, a jej\u00ed presti\u017ei mezi lidmi. Ale k rozpadu <em>Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu<\/em> existovalo mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch faktor\u016f, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edch politick\u00fdch a ekonomick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f. Arm\u00e1da splnila bojov\u00fd \u00fakol, jak mohla nejl\u00edp. A nebyla to jej\u00ed chyba, \u017ee byla uvr\u017eena do afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho pekla. Slavn\u00e1 fr\u00e1ze \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f posledn\u00edch sov\u011btsk\u00fdch let <em>\u201eneposlali jsme v\u00e1s tam\u201c<\/em> se stala symbolem tohoto cynismu. A afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fd syndrom dlouho stra\u0161il (a st\u00e1le stra\u0161\u00ed) veter\u00e1ny t\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3032\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan18-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan18-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan18-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan18.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.18 Zni\u010den\u00e9 automobilov\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu. Fotografie: Viktor Chabarov \/ ZERKALO<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Celkov\u011b Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nem pro\u0161lo <em>620 tis\u00edc sov\u011btsk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f<\/em> (z toho <strong>525 tis\u00edc voj\u00e1k\u016f<\/strong>). <em>15 tis\u00edc<\/em> zem\u0159elo. <em>53 tis\u00edc<\/em> bylo zran\u011bno &#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak\u00e9 jsou pou\u010den\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rusk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady se nejprve nepou\u010dily z lekc\u00ed <em>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu,<\/em> a opakovaly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u00e9 chyby v prvn\u00ed \u010de\u010densk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, nap\u0159. v \u00fatoku na <em>Groznyj<\/em> na Nov\u00fd rok v roce 1994.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3033\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan19-300x196.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan19-300x196.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan19-768x502.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan19.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Obr.19 Stahov\u00e1n\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch jednotek z Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu.Foto: GLOBAL LOOK PRESS<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee hlavn\u00ed ponau\u010den\u00ed zn\u00ed \u2013 nevrhat se s velk\u00fdmi silami do konflikt\u016f. A rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da se zm\u011bnila na mobiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a technologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. To v\u0161e vid\u00edme v <em>S\u00fdrii<\/em>, kde se rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b poda\u0159ilo zlomit h\u0159bet sil\u00e1m terorist\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3034\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan20-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan20-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan20-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan20.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr.20 V prvn\u00edch dvou letech v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu zahynulo v divizi 643 lid\u00ed, z toho 66 d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f a 26 d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f. Foto: GLOBAL LOOK PRESS<\/em><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3035\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan21-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan21-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan21-768x513.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan21.jpg 959w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr.21\u00a0 Sov\u011btsk\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edly p\u0159ist\u00e1ly v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu. Jaro 1988. Foto: Andrej Solomonov\/ RIA Novosti<\/em><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3036\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan22-206x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan22-206x300.jpg 206w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan22-703x1024.jpg 703w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan22-768x1119.jpg 768w, http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/06\/afghanistan22.jpg 959w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr.22 Du\u0161mani r\u00e1di p\u00f3zovali z\u00e1padn\u00edm report\u00e9r\u016fm. A p\u0159ed sebe strkali mal\u00e9 d\u011bti &#8211; pro soucit. Dnes v\u0161ak vypadaj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u011b &#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Podle: Komsomolsk\u00e1 Pravda (http:\/\/kp.ru)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pro\u010d obrovsk\u00fd SSSR nemohl zv\u00edt\u011bzit v mal\u00e9m Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3035,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8,435],"tags":[54,37,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=135"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3222,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135\/revisions\/3222"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=135"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=135"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=135"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}