{"id":1364,"date":"2011-12-01T17:56:32","date_gmt":"2011-12-01T16:56:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2011\/12\/01\/miguel-de-cervantes\/"},"modified":"2011-12-01T17:56:32","modified_gmt":"2011-12-01T16:56:32","slug":"miguel-de-cervantes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2011\/12\/01\/miguel-de-cervantes\/","title":{"rendered":"Miguel de Cervantes"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\"cervantes\"\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Filip III. jednou spat\u0159il sed\u00edc\u00edho mu\u017ee na kraji silnice, jak si \u010dte knihu a po tv\u00e1\u0159i se mu z o\u010d\u00ed v\u00e1lej\u00ed slzy sm\u00edchu. \u00bbTen \u010dlov\u011bk je bu\u010f bl\u00e1zen,\u00ab prohl\u00e1sil panovn\u00edk, \u00bbnebo si \u010dte Dona Quijota.\u00ab \\ takov\u00e1 humorn\u00e1 pr\u016fpov\u00eddka, nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e dobov\u00e1 anekdota, \u00fadajn\u011b prov\u00e1zela \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou cestu Cervantesova rom\u00e1nu, jeho\u017e prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st vy\u0161la v Madridu roku 1605, a to hned v p\u011bti opakovan\u00fdch vyd\u00e1n\u00edch. \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e a posl\u00e9ze i evropsk\u00e9 (v\u010detn\u011b \u010desk\u00fdch) si tento rom\u00e1n ihned pln\u011b z\u00edskal. Autor toto sv\u00e9 d\u00edlo, jeho\u017e druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st spat\u0159ila sv\u011btlo sv\u011bta v roce 1615, vyl\u00ed\u010dil jako burleskn\u00ed parodii, ur\u010denou, jak \u0159ekl doslova, \u00bbk ukr\u00e1cen\u00ed chv\u00edle v melancholick\u00fdch a smutn\u00fdch srdc\u00edch\u00ab.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n

„Nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed den stolet\u00ed\u00ab<\/strong><\/p>\n

Slavn\u00fd \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd prozaik, dramatik i b\u00e1sn\u00edk, pln\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, pat\u0159\u00ed do galerie v\u016fbec nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch spisovatel\u016f. Poch\u00e1zel z rodiny l\u00e9ka\u0159e v Alcal\u00e1 de Henares (madridsk\u00e1 provincie), kde se narodil 29. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1547. Po univerzitn\u00edch studi\u00edch v n\u011bm p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eila mladick\u00e1 touha po dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed. Ve sv\u00fdch \u010dty\u0159iadvaceti letech vstoupil do vojska dona Juana \u010fAustria, s n\u00edm\u017e se vydal na k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed proti Osman\u016fm. Byla to ohromn\u00e1 s\u00edla, slo\u017een\u00e1 z 200 gal\u00e9r a 30 000 voj\u00e1k\u016f. Miguel plul se sv\u00fdm bratrem Rodrigem na lodi Marquesa a 7. \u0159\u00edjna 1571 se z\u00fa\u010dastnil pam\u00e1tn\u00e9 bitvy u \u0159eck\u00e9ho mysu Lepanto. D\u00edky sv\u00e9mu d\u011blo-st\u0159electvu dos\u00e1hli tehdy \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 ohromuj\u00edc\u00edho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, kter\u00fdm byla fakticky zlomena p\u00e1te\u0159 tureck\u00e9 flotily a zabr\u017ed\u011bna rozp\u00ednavost osmansk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p>\n

\u00bbByl to nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed den stolet\u00ed, kdy p\u00fdcha a zpupnost Osman\u016f byly pora\u017eeny, << napsal tehdy nad\u0161en\u00fd Cervantes, i kdy\u017e si pr\u00e1v\u011b z t\u00e9to bitvy odnesl v\u00fdraznou stopu na cel\u00fd \u017eivot. V\u00fdst\u0159el z nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 arkebuzy mu poranil levou pa\u017ei, kter\u00e1 z\u016fstala nehybn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Spisovatelova doba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cervantes pro\u017eil pohnut\u00fd \u017eivot pln\u00fd str\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, i kdy\u017e to bylo v dob\u011b, kter\u00e9 se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 vrchol \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho Zlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku. Byla to \u00e9ra velk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f Karla V. a Filipa II., stolet\u00ed zlata a st\u0159\u00edbra a tak\u00e9 doba svat\u00fdch a mystik\u016f, klerik\u016f a um\u011blc\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 kovy z Ameriky, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 Habsburky p\u0159es \u0160pan\u011blsko, ovliv\u0148ovalo nakonec ve\u0161ker\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Z\u00e1pad tehdy zaznamen\u00e1val vskutku obdivuhodn\u00fd rozvoj. Ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 bylo toto obdob\u00ed siln\u011b poznamen\u00e1no nesn\u00e1\u0161enlivost\u00ed, mu\u010den\u00edm a upalov\u00e1n\u00edm. Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku byli muslimov\u00e9 a \u017eid\u00e9 pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1ni inkvizic\u00ed, zat\u00edmco ve Francii masakr ve Wassy, kter\u00fdm 1. b\u0159ezna 1562 v\u00e9voda Franti\u0161ek de Guise se sv\u00fdmi lidmi zmasakroval protestanty p\u0159i bohoslu\u017eb\u011b (tis\u00edc mrtv\u00fdch), zah\u00e1jil hr\u016fzy n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. To v\u0161e Miguel de Cervantes citliv\u011b vn\u00edmal a nem\u00e9n\u011b citliv\u011b zakomponoval ve sv\u00fdch prac\u00edch, by\u0165 to na prvn\u00ed pohled nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u017edy patrn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ve v\u011bzen\u00ed prom\u00fd\u0161lel osud sv\u00e9ho liter\u00e1rn\u00edho hrdiny<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cesty velk\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed k \u00fasp\u011bchu b\u00fdvaj\u00ed mnohdy spletit\u00e9. O Cervantesovi to snad plat\u00ed dvojn\u00e1sob. Sta\u010d\u00ed jen stru\u010dn\u011b nahl\u00e9dnout do jeho osudu po slavn\u00e9 bitv\u011b u Lepanta. Cervantes se po zran\u011bn\u00ed \u00bbd\u00e1val dohromady\u00ab v Messin\u011b, odkud se op\u011bt vydal do dal\u0161\u00edch boj\u016f, tentokr\u00e1t sp\u00ed\u0161e v z\u00e1padn\u00edm St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. M\u011bl vcelku vojensk\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, a\u017e p\u0159i\u0161el rok 1575 a s n\u00edm jeho ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00e1 plavba z tunisk\u00e9 La Aulette do \u0160pan\u011blska. Na mo\u0159i byla jeho lo\u010f zadr\u017eena tureck\u00fdmi pir\u00e1ty. Cervantes se stal jejich v\u011bzn\u011bm v prost\u0159ed\u00ed berbersk\u00e9 kobky na p\u00e1chnouc\u00ed sl\u00e1m\u011b na dlouhou dobu p\u011bti let, b\u011bhem nich\u017e se \u010dty\u0159ikr\u00e1t pokou\u0161el o \u00fat\u011bk. Teprve v roce 1580 byl z tohoto zajet\u00ed vykoupen. P\u0159i \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e9m zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed a obchodn\u00edm podnik\u00e1n\u00ed se projevil jako velk\u00fd smola\u0159. Je o n\u011bm zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee byl jako drobn\u00fd obchodn\u00edk podveden ne\u010destn\u00fdmi spole\u010dn\u00edky a na pokraji bankrotu znovu vsazen do v\u011bzen\u00ed. Tenkr\u00e1t za m\u0159\u00ed\u017eemi intenzivn\u011b p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lel o smutn\u00e9m osudu, kter\u00fd ho ji\u017e tolikr\u00e1t krut\u011b zas\u00e1hl, a st\u00e1le se mu p\u0159itom vyno\u0159ovala \u00bbsmutn\u00e1 postava\u00ab mu\u017ee, o jak\u00e9m by r\u00e1d za\u010dal ps\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Don Qu\u00edjote<\/strong><\/p>\n

Obvykle se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 a p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee Cervantes\u016fv rom\u00e1n s pln\u00fdm titulem El ingenioso hidalgo do Quijote de la Mancha (D\u016fmysln\u00fd ryt\u00ed\u0159 don Quijote de la Mancha), na kter\u00e9m za\u010dal pracovat v roce 1597, je parodick\u00fdm obrazem u\u0161lechtil\u00e9ho ryt\u00ed\u0159e, jeho\u017e p\u0159edstava spravedlnosti je na m\u00edle vzd\u00e1len\u00e1 re\u00e1ln\u00e9 skute\u010dnosti. A \u017ee p\u0159enesen\u011b vzato – jde o \u010dlov\u011bka sice u\u0161lechtil\u00e9ho, ale sou\u010dasn\u011b po\u0161etil\u00e9ho, kdy\u017e se marn\u011b sna\u017e\u00ed o nemo\u017en\u00e9. Takov\u00e9 charakteristice samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nelze nic vytknout, nicm\u00e9n\u011b nutno vid\u011bt, \u017ee geni\u00e1ln\u00ed na tomto d\u00edle je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to, \u017ee autor ve sv\u00e9m hrdinovi, ryt\u00ed\u0159i Donu Quijotovi, zt\u011blesnil \u010distotu du\u0161e i symbol renesan\u010dn\u00edho ide\u00e1lu svobody a spravedlnosti, ost\u0159e kontrastuj\u00edc\u00ed se sv\u011btem st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u00fatlaku. V nerozlu\u010dn\u00e9 dvojici tituln\u00edho hrdiny a jeho zbrojno\u0161e Sancha Panzy sjednotil vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se prostupuj\u00edc\u00ed dvoj\u00ed pohled na sv\u011bt, ryt\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed ryz\u00edho srdce a zdrav\u00e9ho selsk\u00e9ho rozumu. Cervantesovi se poda\u0159ilo dokonale zvl\u00e1dnout jeden z nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f literatury – vykreslit sv\u00e9 osoby nad\u010dasov\u011b. A don Quijote je nad\u010dasov\u00fd. A\u010dkoliv se ozna\u010den\u00ed \u00bbdonkichot\u00ab v\u017eilo pro lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed se podobn\u011b jako tento ryt\u00ed\u0159 sna\u017e\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout nemo\u017en\u00e9ho a ka\u017ed\u00fd den se znovu pou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed do z\u00e1pasu s \u00bbv\u011btrn\u00fdmi ml\u00fdny\u00ab sv\u00e9 doby, p\u0159esto jim v\u017edy jde o n\u011bco, co jist\u011b up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b pova\u017euj\u00ed za spr\u00e1vn\u00e9, mo\u017en\u00e1 n\u011bkdy nere\u00e1ln\u00e9, ale rozhodn\u011b nikoli sm\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. Jde ur\u010dit\u011b o d\u00edlo, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed jen parodi\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e hlubokou sondou do procesu p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed o tom, jak k\u0159ehk\u00e1 je hranice mezi iluz\u00ed a skute\u010dnost\u00ed, bl\u00e1znivost\u00ed a racion\u00e1lnost\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde tkv\u00ed i samotn\u00fd zdroj \u00fasp\u011bchu cel\u00e9 knihy. Knihy, kter\u00e1 je fakticky prvn\u00edm modern\u00edm rom\u00e1nem \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 a evropsk\u00e9 literatury.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed je…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Za Miguelem Cervantesem ov\u0161em stoj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed d\u00edla. Z prozaick\u00e9 tvorby mo\u017eno uv\u00e9st nap\u0159\u00edklad P\u0159\u00edkladn\u00e9 novely (1613) a past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00fd rom\u00e1n Galeata (1585) a dobrodu\u017en\u00e9 Strasti Persilovy a Sigismundiny (1617). Z dramatick\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry krom\u011b n\u011bkolika komedi\u00ed, jako je Li\u0161\u00e1k Pedro (1615), pat\u0159\u00ed k nejlep\u0161\u00edm hry o jednom aktu, \u017eiv\u00e9, humorn\u011b lad\u011bn\u00e9 mravoli\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdjevy p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed oby\u010dejn\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 radosti a strasti. Cervantes byl rovn\u011b\u017e autorem \u0159ady stylizovan\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed trvalou hodnotu. S\u00e1m v t\u00e9to souvislosti \u0159\u00edkal, \u017ee \u00bbp\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed je kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 v\u011bta zalo\u017een\u00e1 na dlouh\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti“. A kdy\u017e byl t\u00e1z\u00e1n, jak\u00fd je jeho n\u00e1zor na ov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 v\u011bci a v\u016fbec na prokazovan\u00e1 fakta, tak odpov\u00eddal, \u017ee \u00bbfakta jsou v\u017edy nep\u0159\u00edtelem pravdy\u00ab.<\/p>\n

Ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd rom\u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ve 13. a\u017e 16. stolet\u00ed se velk\u00e9 popularit\u011b t\u011b\u0161ily ver\u0161ovan\u00e9 epick\u00e9 \u00fatvary, kter\u00fdm se \u0159\u00edkalo ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd rom\u00e1n. Tento \u017e\u00e1nr se vyvinul z francouzsk\u00e9 tradice ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho chanson de geste (p\u00edse\u0148 o \u010dinu), p\u011bstovan\u00e9ho trubad\u00fary. Hlavn\u00ed postavou ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho rom\u00e1nu je ryt\u00ed\u0159, za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e1 dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed ve jm\u00e9nu milovan\u00e9 d\u00e1my. \u010detly se pro l\u00ed\u010den\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f state\u010dn\u00fdch a \u010destn\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f, bojuj\u00edc\u00edch proti drak\u016fm, obr\u016fm, \u010darod\u011bjnic\u00edm a ne\u010destn\u00fdm ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016fm, ale posl\u00e9ze sklouz\u00e1valy do sentiment\u00e1ln\u00edho rom\u00e1nu, v n\u011bm\u017e milostn\u00e9 trag\u00e9die zapadaly do st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho mor\u00e1ln\u00edho kodexu. C\u00edrkevn\u00ed \u010dinitel\u00e9 byli obvykle nespokojeni s takov\u00fdm pojet\u00edm, kdy \u00bbd\u00e9moni nastra\u017eovali mlad\u00fdm d\u00edvk\u00e1m rafinovan\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010dky\u00ab. Zat\u00edmco v Anglii byl typick\u00fdm ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdm rom\u00e1nem Mo\u0159te \u010fArthur (Artu\u0161ova smrt) od Thomase Malryho, ve \u0160pan\u011blsku a pak i v Evrop\u011b se na po\u010d\u00e1tku 16. stolet\u00ed stal v\u016fbec nejct\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdm rom\u00e1nem Amad\u00eds de Gaula od Garciho Rodr\u00edgueze de Montalva. Postava Amadise, odv\u00e1\u017en\u00e9ho a dvorn\u00e9ho ryt\u00ed\u0159e, h\u00e1j\u00edc\u00edho hodnoty k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed, se stala vzorem jak pro hidalgy, kte\u0159\u00ed tou\u017eili po heroick\u00e9 sl\u00e1v\u011b, tak i pro chud\u0161\u00ed d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 se cht\u011bly uplatnit v arm\u00e1d\u011b nebo na nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch za oce\u00e1n. A byl to teprve Cervantes, jen\u017e sv\u00fdm Donem Quijotem pouk\u00e1zal humornou formou na zastaralou vycpelost t\u011bchto rom\u00e1n\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jeho p\u016fvodn\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011br zesm\u011b\u0161nit ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 rom\u00e1ny p\u0159erostl v zesm\u011b\u0161n\u011bn\u00ed cel\u00e9ho feud\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

Miguel de Cervantes<\/em> zem\u0159el 22. dubna 1616 v Madridu. Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto mu vystav\u011blo monument\u00e1ln\u00ed pomn\u00edk s ob\u011bma jeho slavn\u00fdmi rom\u00e1nov\u00fdmi postavami na plaza Calloa.<\/p>\n

Michal RYBIN<\/em><\/p>\n

Archiv NoS<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Filip III. jednou spat\u0159il sed\u00edc\u00edho mu\u017ee na kraji silnice, jak si \u010dte knihu a po tv\u00e1\u0159i se mu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1363,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[6],"tags":[136,63],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1364"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1364"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1364\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1363"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}