{"id":1394,"date":"2011-12-14T17:56:27","date_gmt":"2011-12-14T16:56:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2011\/12\/14\/realita-marshallova-planu-1\/"},"modified":"2011-12-14T17:56:27","modified_gmt":"2011-12-14T16:56:27","slug":"realita-marshallova-planu-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2011\/12\/14\/realita-marshallova-planu-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Realita Marshallova pl\u00e1nu (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-1393\" style=\"float: left;\" alt=\"Marshallplan\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/12\/Marshallplan.jpg\" width=\"110\" height=\"153\" \/>Bez zbyte\u010dn\u00fdch propagandistick\u00fdch fr\u00e1z\u00ed vystihl realitu <em>Marshallova pl\u00e1nu<\/em> kolektiv americk\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f za veden\u00ed Davida W. Pearce v MacMillanov\u011b slovn\u00edku modern\u00ed ekonomie (v \u010desk\u00e9m vyd\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 1995). Marshall Aid je tu definov\u00e1na: \u00bbPomoc poskytnut\u00e1 Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a Kanadou Spojen\u00e9mu kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed (V. Brit\u00e1nii) a dal\u0161\u00edm evropsk\u00fdm zem\u00edm na ekonomickou obnovu po 2. sv. v\u00e1lce nese jm\u00e9no po gener\u00e1lu G. G. Marshallovi, jen\u017e byl tehdej\u0161\u00edm ministrem zahrani\u010d\u00ed USA.<\/p>\n<p> <!--more--> <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">B\u011bhem v\u00e1lky evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b nahromadily obrovsk\u00e9 deficity platebn\u00ed bilance v\u016f\u010di USA. P\u016fj\u010dky poskytnut\u00e9 USA a Kanadou m\u011bly zm\u00edrnit nedostatek dolar\u016f v Evrop\u011b. Prvn\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dky byly poskytnuty ji\u017e v roce 1946, do roku 1948 bylo nutn\u00e9 uskute\u010dnit dai\u0161\u00ed masivn\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dky k odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed krize likvidity. Nab\u00eddka Marshallovy pomoci byla p\u0159ijata pouze zem\u011bmi z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy, kter\u00e9 v roce l948 zalo\u017eily organizaci pro hospod\u00e1\u0159skou spolupr\u00e1ci.\u00ab (viz str. 200).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V D\u011bjin\u00e1ch N\u011bmecka pod veden\u00edm historika H. M\u00fcllera je pozn\u00e1mka: \u00bbNa druh\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u0161ak Marshall\u016fv pl\u00e1n nezanedbatelnou m\u011brou p\u0159isp\u011bl k rozd\u011blen\u00ed N\u011bmecka a Evropy (str. 333).\u00ab Z\u00e1padn\u00ed N\u011bmecko dostalo pomoc ve v\u00fd\u0161i 1,7 miliardy dolar\u016f. Pomo\u017eeno bylo zejm\u00e9na n\u011bmeck\u00e9mu pr\u016fmyslu, ale jinou cestou se finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky dostaly zp\u011bt do USA. Toho si pov\u0161imli zase francouz\u0161t\u00ed badatel\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z francouzsk\u00e9 encyklopedie &#8222;Histoire du XXe si\u00e9cle&#8220; zn\u00e1me n\u00e1zornou pom\u016fcku, jak re\u00e1ln\u011b p\u016fsobil Marshall\u016fv pl\u00e1n. V \u010desk\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu je publikov\u00e1na na str. 191. Sou\u010dasn\u011b francouz\u0161t\u00ed historici kr\u00e1tce, ale v\u00fdsti\u017en\u011b, vysv\u011btluj\u00ed ne\u00fa\u010dast SSSR. Nazvali to faktorem determinuj\u00edc\u00edm roz\u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed Evropy. Form\u00e1ln\u011b nebyly publikov\u00e1ny propagandistick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, pomoc byla nab\u00eddnuta cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b, ale kdo se p\u0159ihl\u00e1sil, bylo jeho p\u0159istoupen\u00ed \u00bbdvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bno kontrolou Washingtonu a kolektivn\u00ed gesc\u00ed po\u017eivatel\u016f pomoci. Tato multilater\u00e1lnost pod dohledem u\u010dinila americkou nab\u00eddku pro SSSR zcela nep\u0159ijatelnou\u00ab (str. 190).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Moskva nem\u011bla z\u00e1jem sv\u00e9 strategick\u00e9 suroviny d\u00e1t pod dozor ciz\u00edmu st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010ce\u0161t\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i i jen pon\u011bkud zasv\u011bcen\u00ed do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed situace si snadno dovedou p\u0159edstavit, pro\u010d Moskva nem\u011bla z\u00e1jem poskytovat p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 informace o sv\u00fdch surovin\u00e1ch, zejm\u00e9na o naft\u011b, by\u0165 by to byly z po\u010d\u00e1tku jen informace zpravodajsk\u00e9ho charakteru. Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz by byl sv\u011btu p\u0159edstaven jako \u017eebr\u00e1k (v d\u016fsledku v\u00e1lky to byla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 pravda) pros\u00edc\u00ed o pomoc. Dominantn\u00ed \u00faloha bv byla v rukou n\u011bkoho jin\u00e9ho. SSSR si nemohl dovolit to, co v\u00e1lkou zbohatl\u00e1 Amerika.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010cSR by jist\u011b sama za sebe p\u0159ijala tento pl\u00e1n, ale vznikla by ot\u00e1zka, jak bude v budoucnosti \u010delit tlaku nov\u011b mocensk\u00e9ho rostouc\u00edho N\u011bmecka, kdy\u017e americk\u00e1 pomoc bude masivn\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b ve prosp\u011bch N\u011bmc\u016f? Sta\u010d\u00ed si p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee pomoc z\u00e1padn\u00edmu N\u011bmecku byla podstatn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u010cSR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zar\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed je tak\u00e9 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee vin\u00edci Mnichova dostali 68,7 % z celkov\u00e9 pomoci. Samotn\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed N\u011bmecko dostalo 10,8 % pomoci a na \u010cSR by p\u0159idalo n\u011bjak\u00e9 2 % z celkov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky. Po v\u00e1lce byl strach z obnoven\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka, a to i u lidovc\u016f, soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f, n\u00e1rodn\u00edch socialist\u016f a u komunist\u016f a v t\u00e9\u017ee dob\u011b se revan\u0161istick\u00e9 organizace pohrani\u010dn\u00edch N\u011bmc\u016f vychloubaly, \u017ee jednou siln\u00e9 (kapitalistick\u00e9) N\u011bmecko bude \u017e\u00e1dat \u010desk\u00e9 pohrani\u010d\u00ed a finan\u010dn\u00ed od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed vyst\u011bhovan\u00fdm N\u011bmc\u016fm. \u010cSR v t\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u011bla jen jedin\u00e9ho spojence, SSSR. Nikdo, ani USA, nest\u00e1l o to b\u00fdt spojencem \u010cSR, aby se nemusel pod\u00edlet na p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9m budouc\u00edm konfliktu \u010desko-n\u011bmeck\u00e9m. Moskva jednozna\u010dn\u011b nazna\u010dila, \u017ee by \u010cSR pod dominanc\u00ed USA nepova\u017eovala za sv\u00e9ho spojence a jen nazna\u010dila, zda se po zku\u0161enostech z mnichovsk\u00e9 trag\u00e9die d\u00e1 v\u011b\u0159it Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii\u00ed a Francii? Nav\u00edc sov\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed ekonomov\u00e9 upozor\u0148ovali na realitu, \u017ee toti\u017e Praha bude jistou formou sv\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed zdroje st\u011bhovat do USA. Sta\u010d\u00ed si prohl\u00e9dnout publikovan\u00fd graf, v\u00fdsledek francouzsk\u00fdch historik\u016f s pou\u017eit\u00edm vlastn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ameri\u010dt\u00ed pl\u00e1nova\u010di se nakonec sm\u00ed\u0159ili s t\u00edm, \u017ee \u010cSR je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nekapitaliistick\u00e9ho bloku, ale p\u0159\u00e1li si, aby pravicov\u00e9 s\u00edly \u010dinily Moskv\u011b pot\u00ed\u017ee. To jedin\u00e9 byli ochotn\u00ed ocenit, proto tak\u00e9 d\u00e1vali pen\u00edze na jejich ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bez zbyte\u010dn\u00fdch propagandistick\u00fdch fr\u00e1z\u00ed vystihl realitu Marshallova pl\u00e1nu kolektiv americk\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f za veden\u00ed Davida W. Pearce v MacMillanov\u011b slovn\u00edku modern\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1393,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[9],"tags":[123,34,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1394"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1394"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1394\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1393"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1394"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1394"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}