{"id":1395,"date":"2011-12-14T18:02:16","date_gmt":"2011-12-14T17:02:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2011\/12\/14\/realita-marshallova-planu-2\/"},"modified":"2011-12-14T18:02:16","modified_gmt":"2011-12-14T17:02:16","slug":"realita-marshallova-planu-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2011\/12\/14\/realita-marshallova-planu-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Realita Marshallova pl\u00e1nu (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-1393\" style=\"float: left;\" alt=\"Marshallplan\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/12\/Marshallplan.jpg\" width=\"110\" height=\"152\" \/>Probl\u00e9mem na americk\u00e9m trhu byly nadm\u011brn\u00e9 z\u00e1soby, s v\u00e1lkou se po\u010d\u00edtalo i pro rok 1946.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">USA vzhledem k v\u00fdvoji v\u00e1lky zajistili v\u00e1le\u010dnou v\u00fdrobu s p\u0159edstihem a dop\u0159edu, dokonce i v\u00fdrobu potravin. Po ukon\u010den\u00ed v\u00e1lky bylo mo\u017eno v\u00fdrobky darovat a t\u00edm i \u0159e\u0161it nebezpe\u010d\u00ed hladov\u00e9 epidemie v Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n<p> <!--more--> <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Paul Johnson v &#8222;D\u011bjin\u00e1ch 20. stolet\u00ed&#8220; uvedl, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 spot\u0159eba 3300 kalori\u00ed v USA na ka\u017ed\u00e9ho ob\u010dana kontrastuje jen s 1000, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 1500 kaloriemi 125 milion\u016f Evropan\u016f (str. 429). Jin\u00fd pl\u00e1nova\u010d dokonce upozor\u0148oval, \u017ee v \u010cSR to \u010din\u00ed 820 kalori\u00ed na osobu a v SSSR sotva 580 kalorii, co\u017e byl d\u016fsledek nacistick\u00e9ho \u00fatoku na SSSR. Tak Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161ili a ch\u00e1pali faktor hladu, ten je v\u017edy p\u0159\u00edtomen v ka\u017ed\u00e9 revoluci.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Francouz\u0161t\u00ed publicist\u00e9 v\u011bnovali pozornost dat\u0161\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zce. V letech 1945 &#8211; 1948 vznikl v Evrop\u011b hlad po dolarech, co\u017e neumo\u017e\u0148ovalo Evrop\u011b rychle nakupovat v USA zbo\u017e\u00ed ani pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Americk\u00fd trh byl p\u0159edimenzov\u00e1n, o\u010dek\u00e1val dal\u0161\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce v\u00e1lky. Kupuj\u00edc\u00ed by byl, ale nem\u011bl dolary. Hrozilo nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee to vyvol\u00e1 v USA recesi jako v letech po prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce a evropsk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo v krizov\u00e9 situaci bude naslouchat protikapitalistick\u00fdm n\u00e1zor\u016fm. N\u011bjak\u00e9 \u00fav\u011bry bez z\u00e1ruky n\u00e1vratu nebyly v USA popul\u00e1rn\u00ed, darovat se mohlo zdarma jen to, co arm\u00e1da USA ji\u017e nemohla pot\u0159ebovat, Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1vali nejen evropskou vd\u011b\u010dnost, ale n\u00e1vratnost dolar\u016f, i proto byl napl\u00e1nov\u00e1n Marshall\u016fv pl\u00e1n. Kriticky mysl\u00edc\u00edm Evropan\u016fm vadila skute\u010dnost, \u017ee nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fav\u011bry dostaly Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie, Francie, It\u00e1lie a N\u011bmecko, vin\u00edci Mnichova a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K Marshallovu pl\u00e1nu vedla tak\u00e9 inflace rostouc\u00ed ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 nespokojenost lidu, st\u00e1vky a z\u00e1pasy o soci\u00e1ln\u00ed vymo\u017eenosti. Ve vl\u00e1dn\u00ed reprezentaci vznikla obava, \u017ee lid\u00e9 budou naslouchat podrobn\u011bji protikapitalistick\u00fdm argument\u016fm. B\u011bhem m\u011bs\u00edce musela vl\u00e1da \u010delit \u017e\u00e1dostem o vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed platy, odbory \u017e\u00e1daly nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed a\u017e o 30 %.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K Marshallovu pl\u00e1nu p\u0159isp\u011bla vlna za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed dekolonizace. Francie i Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie, je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce It\u00e1lie, byly oslabeny a mocn\u00ed byli p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deni, \u017ee dekolonizace je d\u00edlo proti kapitalistick\u00fdch sil.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Dekolonizace<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">S jist\u00fdm p\u0159edstihem Marshall\u016fv pl\u00e1n pomohl n\u011bkolika st\u00e1t\u016fm, aby se politicky a ekonomicky stabilizovaly v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch tr\u017en\u00edho kapitalistick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ne\u00faprosn\u00fd, \u017eelezn\u00fd z\u00e1kon historick\u00e9ho d\u011bn\u00ed si vynutil, a posl\u00e9ze realizoval, protikapitalistick\u00e9 tendence v neevropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Pozornost dekolonizaci v\u011bnoval Imanuel Geiss v n\u011bmecky psan\u00e9m origin\u00e1lu &#8222;D\u011bjiny sv\u011bta v souvislostech,&#8220; v \u010desk\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu z roku 2005. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 Nizozemsko, kdy\u017e p\u0159i\u0161lo o Indon\u00e9sii (1946 &#8211; 1947), Francii ve Vietnamu (1946 -1964), v Al\u017e\u00edrsku (1954 &#8211; 1962), Portugalsko p\u0159i\u0161lo o kolonie v Angole a Mosambiku (1947 &#8211; 1961). V uveden\u00fdch zem\u00edch po jistou dobu s\u00edlily odbojov\u00e9 tendence, ale t\u0159et\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lko nevypukla. Koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed (matersk\u00e9) zem\u011b po n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das stabilizovaly sv\u00e9 pozice, prozrazuje to i pod\u00edl na Marshallov\u011b pl\u00e1nu v dob\u011b od dubna 1948 do \u010dervna 1952. Celkov\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e \u010dinila 12,8 miliard dolar\u016f o v procentech byla rozd\u011blena n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie 24,9 %, Francie 21,2 %, It\u00e1lie 11,8 %, N\u011bmecko 10,8 %, Nizozem\u00ed 7,7 %, \u0158ecko 5,5 %, Rakousko 5,3 %, Belgie 5, 3 % a zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed (ostatn\u00ed) 7,5 %. \u00dadaje tohoto typu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed encyklopedie 20. stolet\u00ed od francouzsk\u00fdch historik\u016f (str. 191). 16 st\u00e1tu se \u00fa\u010dastnilo Marshallova pl\u00e1nu, kter\u00fd skute\u010dn\u011b stabilizoval kapitalistickou soustavu a v\u00fdrazn\u011b omezil vliv radik\u00e1ln\u00edho levicov\u00e9ho sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Zku\u0161enost mal\u00e9ho D\u00e1nska<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K lep\u0161\u00edmu pochopen\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed situace je vhodn\u00e9 porovnat v\u00fdvoj ve s\u00ed\u00e1t\u011b mal\u00e9m, slu\u0161n\u00e9m a bez velmocensk\u00fdch ambic\u00ed. K porovn\u00e1n\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edmo nab\u00edz\u00ed v roce 2007 vy\u0161l\u00e1 publikace &#8222;D\u011bjiny D\u00e1nska,&#8220; je ps\u00e1na ze zcela neutr\u00e1ln\u00edch pozic. Na stran\u011b 259 jsou \u00fadaje o Marshallov\u011b projektu. O porevolu\u010dn\u00ed \u00e9\u0159e tu p\u00ed\u0161e Soren Hein Rasmussen: \u00bbByla to doba sp\u00ed\u0161e pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1, m\u00e9n\u011b j\u00ed\u017e revolu\u010dn\u00ed. Z D\u00e1nska bylo vyst\u011bhov\u00e1no na 200 tis\u00edc N\u011bmc\u016f. Policie ovl\u00e1dla situaci a\u017e 13. kv\u011btna 1945, do t\u00e9 doby za situaci odpov\u00eddaly ozbrojen\u00e9 odbojov\u00e9 skupiny, zde bychom mohli mluvit o revolu\u010dn\u00edch prvc\u00edch. Ve volb\u00e1ch 30. \u0159\u00edjna 1945 utrp\u011bli soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9 por\u00e1\u017eku, D\u00e1nsk\u00e1 komunistick\u00e1 strana z\u00edskala ne\u010dekan\u00fdch 12,5 % v\u0161ech hlas\u016f. Z celkov\u00e9ho pohledu bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee budou obnoveny b\u00fdval\u00e9 politick\u00e9 pom\u011bry. Destabiliza\u010dn\u011b p\u016fsobila hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize a vysok\u00e1 nezam\u011bstnanost, a\u017e 8%.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nad\u011bjnou formu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159inesl pro l\u00e9ta 1948-1953 Marshall\u016fv pl\u00e1n, D\u00e1nsko z\u00edskalo 278 milion\u016f dolar\u016f. Vy\u0159e\u0161ily se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u011b pot\u00ed\u017ee s valutami.\u00ab N\u00e1sleduje d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 sd\u011blen\u00ed. Projekt doprov\u00e1zely ur\u010dit\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. D\u00e1nsko se m\u011blo zapojit do protisov\u011btsk\u00e9 politiky. D\u00e1nsko se dosud py\u0161nilo, \u017ee se v letech 1945 -1947 nep\u0159idalo na \u017e\u00e1dnou stranu. \u00bbVytou\u017een\u00e1 dolarov\u00e1 suma p\u0159ekonala studenov\u00e1le\u010dnick\u00e9 pochybnosti.\u00ab Dal\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednka \u017e\u00e1dala, aby vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u016fj\u010dky bylo pod americkou kontrolou, bez ohledu na suverenitu D\u00e1nska. Proto byly z\u0159\u00edzeny r\u016fzn\u00e9 kontroln\u00ed instituce, vytvo\u0159ily omezenou politickou a hospod\u00e1\u0159skou svobodu. Po\u017eadovalo se dokonce hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed. Strategick\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo pl\u00e1nov\u00e1no na mnoho let dop\u0159edu. Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 v roce 1950 p\u0159idali dal\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednku, p\u0159\u00edjemci pomoci museli nav\u00fd\u0161it vojensk\u00e9 rozpo\u010dty. Jakmile se v roce 1953 ekonomick\u00e1 situace D\u00e1nska zlep\u0161ila, vl\u00e1da sd\u011blila, \u017ee o dal\u0161\u00ed pomoc nestoj\u00ed. D\u00e1nsko se vojensky zaji\u0161\u0165ovalo spoluprac\u00ed s Norskem a \u0160v\u00e9dskem. Studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka se D\u00e1nsku nevyhnula, D\u00e1nsko se stalo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed NATO, ale neust\u00e1le zd\u016fraz\u0148uje podm\u00edn\u011bnost z\u00e1sad\u00e1m a rozhodnut\u00edm OSN. Mezi lidem byla p\u0159ijata a podpo\u0159ena my\u0161lenka st\u00e1tu blahobytu. Tedy i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fddaj\u016f na zbrojen\u00ed.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Ji\u0159\u00ed FRAJDL, <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Dokon\u010den\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Nov\u00e9 alternativy \u010d. 1\/2009<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Probl\u00e9mem na americk\u00e9m trhu byly nadm\u011brn\u00e9 z\u00e1soby, s v\u00e1lkou se po\u010d\u00edtalo i pro rok 1946. USA vzhledem k v\u00fdvoji<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1393,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[9],"tags":[123,34,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1395"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1395"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1395\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1393"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1395"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1395"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1395"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}