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Ideologie fa\u0161ismu<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Liberalismus byl spjat s racionalismem. Racionalistick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy p\u0159evzal a rozvinul marxismus, socialistick\u00e9 a komunistick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9mu \u0161lo o to sv\u011bt poznat a zm\u011bnit a zm\u011bnu uskute\u010d\u0148ovat na z\u00e1klad\u011b spojen\u00ed sv\u011bta kultury a pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n
Fa\u0161istick\u00e1 ideologie se v\u0161ak proti t\u011bmto hodnot\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 z\u00edskaly rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed vliv, vzpouz\u00ed. Obvi\u0148uje je, \u017ee nahromadily ne\u0159e\u0161iteln\u00e9 probl\u00e9my a uvrhly sv\u011bt do krize. Stejn\u011b jako o 5O let pozd\u011bji neokonzervativci, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed sv\u011bt vr\u00e1tit o sto a\u017e dv\u011b st\u011b let zp\u011bt, p\u0159ed Velkou francouzskou revoluci, prohla\u0161uj\u00ed fa\u0161ist\u00e9, \u017ee rok 1789 je zru\u0161en. Odm\u00edtav\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup p\u0159er\u016fst\u00e1 v tot\u00e1ln\u00ed negaci. Je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 se dob\u0159e orientovat. Dne\u0161n\u00ed neokonzervativci vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed orthodoxn\u00ed \/“rugged“- drsn\u00fd\/ liberalismus, v\u00edtaj\u00ed postmodernistick\u00fd iracionalismus a nesn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed socialisty. Fa\u0161ist\u00e9 nesn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed liber\u00e1ly, asoci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokraty, ale stejn\u011b jako nekonzervativci p\u0159\u00edmo nen\u00e1vid\u00ed marxisty a komunisty.<\/p>\n
Fa\u0161ist\u00e9 odm\u00edtali soci\u00e1ln\u00ed revoluci jako „\u0161pinavou“. Jejich ekonomick\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy byly velice povrchn\u00ed a neurovnan\u00e9, odvozovan\u00e9 od manipula\u010dn\u00edch a expanzivn\u00edch z\u00e1m\u011br\u016f, kter\u00e9 sledovali. Prohla\u0161ovali, \u017ee jim jde o nejm\u00e9n\u011b krvavou, ale p\u0159itom nejhlub\u0161\u00ed revoluci sv\u011btov\u00fdch d\u011bjin, tj. \u017ee cht\u011bj\u00ed zvr\u00e1tit lidsk\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed a mor\u00e1lku \/J. C. Fest, Hitler. Eine Biographie, 1973, s. 615\/. Kontury nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta nemaj\u00ed vyplynout z racion\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy, z kritick\u00e9 diskuse a bezprost\u0159edn\u00edho boje mas za jejich vlastn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy, ale m\u00e1 se zrodit z m\u00fdtick\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy, v\u00edry a oddanosti v\u016fdc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed lid do t\u00e9to zasl\u00edben\u00e9 zem\u011b p\u0159ivedou.<\/p>\n
Pochyby fa\u0161ist\u016f o mo\u017enostech rozumu a tvrzen\u00ed o pohnutk\u00e1ch i instiktech, je\u017e jsou nad n\u011bj mocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 historick\u00e9 p\u0159edch\u016fdce a znepokojiv\u00e9 paralely v p\u0159\u00edtomnosti.<\/p>\n
Fa\u0161ismus se obrac\u00ed proti racionalismu, ve prosp\u011bch iracionalismu, nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdch sil a temn\u00fdch instinkt\u016f. V jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka zd\u016fraz\u0148uje nikoli jeho spole\u010densk\u00e9, ale biologick\u00e9, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed ur\u010den\u00ed a aktivitu. Zd\u016fraz\u0148uje biologick\u00e9 pudy, odvozuje jedn\u00e1n\u00ed od krve, rasy, m\u00fdtick\u00fdch vztah\u016f \/nap\u0159. k p\u016fd\u011b\/ . P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 zasahov\u00e1n\u00ed nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdch sil, Proz\u0159etelnosti, boha. K „p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu“ v\u00fdb\u011bru doch\u00e1z\u00ed pomoc\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho boje jedinc\u016f a druh\u016f o p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed, v z\u00e1pase, v n\u011bm\u017e v\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a drav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \/soci\u00e1ln\u00ed darwinismus\/.<\/p>\n
Na tomto z\u00e1klad\u011b fa\u0161ismus tak\u00e9 buduje kult v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch jedinc\u016f, n\u00e1rod\u016f a ras. Jeho individualismus a elit\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je vyhrocen\u00e9, odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 se na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9, rozumem neposti\u017eiteln\u00e9 schopnosti a nad\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159edstava masy, kult davu je budov\u00e1n na tomto z\u00e1klad\u011b jako zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00fatvar, v\u016fdcem a elitou kultivovan\u00fd, stmelen\u00fd autoritou v\u016fdce a podn\u011bty, kter\u00e9 od n\u011bho p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed. Takto utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e1 masa vyvolen\u00fdch je nad\u0159azena p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016fm m\u00e9n\u011bcenn\u00fdch, bezpr\u00e1vn\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, ras, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b vrstev.<\/p>\n
Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed roli m\u011bl v ideov\u00e9m vybaven\u00ed fa\u0161ist\u016f m\u00fdtus. Teze, \u017ee racion\u00e1ln\u00ed j\u00e1dro duchovn\u00edho \u017eivota je nudn\u00e9, chladn\u00e9 a such\u00e9 a \u00fanik do n\u00e1hradn\u00edch prostor mor\u00e1ln\u00edch, estetick\u00fdch a mytologick\u00fdch umo\u017e\u0148uje postihnout s\u00edly v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e stohy racion\u00e1ln\u00edch anal\u00fdz, je\u017e jsou schopny vyprodukovat debaty intelektu\u00e1l\u016f, se objevovaly v N\u011bmecku u\u017e v druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 19.stolet\u00ed. Souvisely s aktivitou R. Wagnera a jeho zet\u011b H.S.Chamberleina, s \u00favahami F.Nietzscheho o motivac\u00edch siln\u00fdmi emocemi a v\u016fl\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u016fl\u00ed vl\u00e1dnout, i s psychoanalytick\u00fdmi soudy S.Freuda o roli v\u00e1\u0161n\u00ed a libida \/s touhou po sexu\u00e1ln\u00edm uspokojen\u00ed\/. \u00davahy o v\u00fdznamu politick\u00e9 v\u016fle, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee probudit emoce a na nich zalo\u017eit akce, pronikly i do d\u011blnick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed \/G. Sorel, \u00davahy o n\u00e1sil\u00ed, 1908\/. Opr\u00e1\u0161eny a vyu\u017eity byly p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b strategie tzv. „perestrojki“ v SSSR \/1985\/. Do dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch \/ale tak\u00e9 90.\/ let 20. stolet\u00ed se p\u0159enesl sv\u011bt romantick\u00e9 rozh\u00e1ranosti, osam\u011blosti, strachu \/p\u0159ed svobodn\u00fdmi zedn\u00e1\u0159i a jezuity a pozd\u011bji tak\u00e9 komunisty\/, individu\u00e1ln\u00edho heroismu, vl\u00e1dy politick\u00e9 nicotnosti, tajn\u00fdch sil, pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b a d\u00fdky, v\u011brnosti, mravn\u00ed s\u00edly a zrady. C.J. Fest jej ve sv\u00e9 obs\u00e1hl\u00e9 monografii popisuje podrobn\u011b.<\/p>\n
Richard Wagner, podle v\u00fdvod\u016f C. J. Festa vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z esteticko-intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edho resentimentu v\u016f\u010di politice prohla\u0161oval, \u017ee politick\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk je rozporn\u00fd. Domn\u00edval se, \u017ee je t\u0159eba se obr\u00e1tit k tradici nepolitick\u00e9 politiky: br\u00e1nit mor\u00e1lku proti moci, ducha proti politice. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm um\u011bn\u00ed, schopnost\u00ed spojit poesii a politiku, se lze mor\u00e1ln\u011b a intelektu\u00e1ln\u011b nad v\u0161eobecnou zku\u0161enost povzn\u00e9st. Se sugestivn\u00edm patosem byl do pop\u0159ed\u00ed vysouv\u00e1n soukrom\u00fd sv\u011bt, soukrom\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely a ctnosti. Z tohoto zdroje se m\u011bla nap\u00e1jet ob\u010dansk\u00e1 sebereflexe a r\u016fst sebed\u016fv\u011bra, rodit se hrd\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 ob\u010danstv\u00ed, schopn\u00e9 vzep\u0159\u00edt se osv\u00edcensk\u00e9mu, z\u00e1padn\u00edmu „terorismu politiky“. (V tom je rozd\u00edl: soudob\u00ed konzervativci nevid\u00ed u\u017e zdroj tohoto terorismu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b.\/ Z exces\u016f se doporu\u010dovalo navr\u00e1tit se k p\u0159irozenosti a jednoduchosti. K tomu posta\u010d\u00ed pouh\u00e1 intuice. P\u0159i n\u00e1vratu je mo\u017en\u00e9 odklidit obchod a techniku, sm\u00ed\u0159it t\u0159\u00eddy, sjednotit n\u00e1rod a vr\u00e1tit ztracenou jednotu i usm\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9mu sv\u011btu. Na konci tohoto procesu politika miz\u00ed a m\u011bn\u00ed se ve v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 opojen\u00ed, v moc, charisma a genialitu t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed se o to zaslou\u017eili.<\/p>\n
R. Wagner formuloval sv\u016fj sen o konci politiky a prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed lidskosti prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obnoven\u00e9ho divadla. „Politika se mus\u00ed st\u00e1t velk\u00fdm divadlem, st\u00e1t um\u011bleck\u00fdm d\u00edlem, um\u011blci nastoupit na m\u00edsta st\u00e1tn\u00edk\u016f, po\u017eadoval. Um\u011bn\u00ed bylo myst\u00e9riem, jeho chr\u00e1mem Bayreuth, sv\u00e1tost\u00ed drahocenn\u00e1 \u010d\u00ed\u0161 \u00e1rijsk\u00e9 krve, je\u017e padl\u00e9mu Amfortasovi vr\u00e1t\u00ed \u017eivot, a protis\u00edlu \u017didovstva, politiku a sexualitu zt\u011blesn\u011bnou v Klingsorovi sp\u00e1l\u00ed v sutin\u00e1ch fantastick\u00e9ho z\u00e1mku“ \/J.C. Fest, tamt\u00e9\u017e, s. 5231.<\/p>\n
Fa\u0161ist\u00e9 organizovali \u00fat\u011bk z reality v masov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, pod z\u00e1minkou romanticky heroistick\u00e9ho skoku do skv\u011bl\u00e9 budoucnosti. Tak\u00e9 A. Hitler byl vzd\u00e1len realit\u011b, myslel esteticky, mysticky, tj. nepoliticky \/Tamt\u00e9\u017e, s. 525\/. Sv\u011bt cht\u011bl osvobodit prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm um\u011bn\u00ed, \u010di prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed moci ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako Proz\u0159etelnost. Um\u011bn\u00ed jej rozbolest\u0148ovalo, konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9my doby jej nech\u00e1valy chladn\u00fdm. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee budou \u0159e\u0161eny v pr\u016fb\u011bhu mobilizace n\u00e1roda a jako jej\u00ed v\u00fdsledek. Z jeho \u00fast vy\u0161el bonmot, \u017ee Velk\u00fd lh\u00e1\u0159 je tak\u00e9 velik\u00fd kouzeln\u00edk. Ani Hitler, ani Mussolini nebyli jedin\u00fdmi dikt\u00e1tory, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli um\u011bleck\u00e9 sklony, tou\u017eili po esteticky p\u016fsobiv\u00e9m, dokonal\u00e9m tvaru a p\u0159itom si uv\u011bdomovali, \u017ee bez n\u00e1sil\u00ed jej neprosad\u00ed, p\u00ed\u0161e J. Janatka \/Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed noviny, 29,. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed I994\/. Neuv\u011bdomuje si z\u0159ejm\u011b, jak obecn\u00fd dosah tento jeho soud m\u00e1.<\/p>\n
V Hitlerov\u00fdch projevech, jak p\u00ed\u0161e J.C.Fest, se to hem\u017e\u00ed nejen nepolitick\u00fdmi kategoriemi a obrazy, ale tak\u00e9 „argumenty“ z nepolitick\u00e9 politiky: o \u0161kodlivosti p\u016fsoben\u00ed politick\u00fdch stran, o kompromisnick\u00e9m charakteru p\u0159edchoz\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, o nen\u00e1vid\u011bn\u00e9 realit\u011b, kter\u00e1 mu politiku zo\u0161klivila. Zvykala toti\u017e n\u00e1rod tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 tragice a z\u00e1niku na „mal\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed\u010dko“, vedla jej k malom\u011b\u0161\u0165\u00e1ck\u00e9mu po\u017eitk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Hitlerovy „obraty z magie a sv\u011btla proti temn\u00e9mu, hroziv\u00e9mu vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu sv\u011btu.“ \/ J.C. Fest, tamt\u00e9\u017e, s. 526\/, poslucha\u010de uchvacovaly, tak\u017ee mu pozd\u011bji prom\u00edjeli, kdy\u017e vtiskl sv\u00e9 politice naopak rysy vulg\u00e1rn\u00ed a brut\u00e1ln\u00ed. V\u017edy\u0165 i jeho fantasie o obrovsk\u00e9 velkon\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i sahaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e k Uralu, o geopoliticky inspirovan\u00e9m d\u011blen\u00ed a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00fdch prostor sv\u011bta, spojen\u00e9ho s vizemi masov\u00fdch p\u0159esun\u016f, \u0160lecht\u011bn\u00ed ras a likvidaci m\u00e9n\u011bcenn\u00fdch ras a n\u00e1rod\u016f, fantasie po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed nejen se Svat\u00fdm Gr\u00e1lem, ale tak\u00e9 promy\u0161lenou, infrastrukturou z d\u00e1lnic a \u017eeleznic spojuj\u00edc\u00edch vojensk\u00e9 t\u00e1bory a ozbrojen\u00e9 vesnice, to v\u0161e uchv\u00e1cen\u00fd Herrenvolk omra\u010dovalo a p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ovalo v poslu\u0161n\u00e9 a oddan\u00e9 knechty.<\/p>\n
Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ideologie fa\u0161ismu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[10],"tags":[98,51,58],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1444"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1444"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1444\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}