{"id":1452,"date":"2012-01-08T12:45:32","date_gmt":"2012-01-08T11:45:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/01\/08\/pipad-laconia\/"},"modified":"2012-01-08T12:45:32","modified_gmt":"2012-01-08T11:45:32","slug":"pipad-laconia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2012\/01\/08\/pipad-laconia\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159\u00edpad Laconia"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"laconia\"P\u00ed\u0161e se 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1942, podzim \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho roku. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 ponorka U 156 pluje vodami asi 600 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch mil ji\u017en\u011b od africk\u00e9ho mysu Palmas. Mo\u0159e je klidn\u00e9, vane jen m\u00edrn\u00fd v\u00edtr. Mezi pos\u00e1dkou panuje poklidn\u00e1 n\u00e1lada, plavba doposud prob\u00edhala bez zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Pozd\u011b odpoledne ale hl\u00e1s\u00ed str\u00e1\u017en\u00fd na m\u016fstku, \u017ee vid\u00ed kou\u0159 vlevo od p\u0159\u00edd\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Velitel U 156, kapit\u00e1nporu\u010d\u00edk Werner Hartenstein, pozoruje v dalekohledu sloup d\u00fdmu. Pad\u00e1 sice soumrak, ale p\u0159esto snadno rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1 velkou transportn\u00ed lo\u010f o nosnosti asi 20 000 tun. Je\u0161t\u011b v\u00e1h\u00e1. Ponorka se p\u0159esunuje do p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e9ho opera\u010dn\u00edho prostoru \u00bbJi\u017en\u00ed Atlantik\u00ab, nen\u00ed radno na sebe zbyte\u010dn\u011b upozor\u0148ovat. P\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost je v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 l\u00e1kav\u00e1, zpozorovan\u00e1 lo\u010f pluje sama a bez ozbrojen\u00e9 eskorty v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch plavidel – bude \u00fato\u010dit!<\/p>\n

Ponorka zvy\u0161uje rychlost, sna\u017e\u00ed se obloukem dostat do vhodn\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed k odp\u00e1len\u00ed torp\u00e9d. Pron\u00e1sledovan\u00e1 lo\u010f je ale rychl\u00e1, man\u00e9vr se n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t nepoda\u0159\u00ed. A\u017e chv\u00edli po p\u016flnoci se U 156 ocitne v palebn\u00e9 pozici. Hartenstein na\u0159izuje odp\u00e1lit dv\u011b torp\u00e9da z hlavn\u00ed na p\u0159\u00eddi. Pak ost\u0159e odbo\u010duje pro p\u0159\u00edpad, \u017ee by minul c\u00edl. Chce si zajistit druhou \u0161anci k \u00fatoku.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed to v\u0161ak t\u0159eba, v no\u010dn\u00ed tm\u011b je dob\u0159e vid\u011bt, jak oba \u00bb\u00faho\u0159i\u00ab ude\u0159ili do boku nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 lodi a vybuchli. P\u0159es palubu se p\u0159eval\u00ed sloupy vody zvednut\u00e9 exploz\u00ed, mohutn\u00fd trup se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nakl\u00e1n\u011bt. Pos\u00e1dka torp\u00e9dovan\u00e9 lodi z\u0159ejm\u011b do posledn\u00ed chv\u00edle netu\u0161ila nebezpe\u010d\u00ed. Asi po t\u0159iceti minut\u00e1ch se zasa\u017een\u00e1 lo\u010f p\u0159evrac\u00ed k\u00fdlem vzh\u016fru. Hartenstein man\u00e9vruje s ponorkou bl\u00ed\u017ee k vraku, chce zjistit jm\u00e9no lodi kv\u016fli p\u0159esn\u00e9mu hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed. Z no\u010dn\u00ed tmy vystupuj\u00ed obrysy n\u011bkolika z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch \u010dlun\u016f, je sly\u0161et mnohohlas\u00e9 zoufal\u00e9 vol\u00e1n\u00ed o pomoc.<\/p>\n

Od prvn\u00edch vyloven\u00fdch trose\u010dn\u00edk\u016f Hartenstein zji\u0161tuje, \u017ee jeho torp\u00e9da poslala ke dnu britskou transportn\u00ed lo\u010f \u00bbLaconia\u00ab o v\u00fdtlaku 19 695 tun. Lo\u010f plula z Egypta p\u0159es Mombasu do Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie, krom\u011b pos\u00e1dky vezla kontingent britsk\u00fdch a polsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, asi 80 civiln\u00edch cestuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u010detn\u011b \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed a bezm\u00e1la 1800 Ital\u016f – v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch zajatc\u016f z boj\u016f v severn\u00ed Africe.‘ Velitel ponorky si uv\u011bdomuje, co je jeho povinnost\u00ed. Trose\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm hroz\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u011b smrt, mus\u00ed pro n\u011b p\u0159ece n\u011bco ud\u011blat! Do t\u011bsn\u00e9 ponorky m\u016f\u017ee ale vz\u00edt nejv\u00fd\u0161e 200 osob, co s ostatn\u00edmi dv\u011bma tis\u00edci? V 1.25 hod. tedy vys\u00edl\u00e1 r\u00e1diov\u00e9 hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed velitelstv\u00ed ponorkov\u00e9ho lodstva a \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed pokyny. Na odpov\u011b\u010f \u010dek\u00e1 dlouho, v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011b hodiny. Pos\u00e1dka U 156 mezit\u00edm vytah\u00e1 z vody 193 lid\u00ed, z toho 21 Brit\u016f. V 3.45 se kone\u010dn\u011b oz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u0161t\u00e1b admir\u00e1la D\u00f3nitze, m\u00edsto instrukc\u00ed v\u0161ak po\u017eaduje jen bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed informace o potopen\u00ed lodi. Hartenstein je rozho\u0159\u010den\u00fd. Rozhodne se jednat na vlastn\u00ed p\u011bst. Od 6.00 vys\u00edl\u00e1 ponorka na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed nouzov\u00e9 frekvenci 25 metr\u016f a 600 metr\u016f a ne\u0161ifrovan\u00fdmi r\u00e1diogramy v angli\u010dtin\u011b \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 o pomoc kter\u00e9koli plavidlo v dosahu. Sou\u010dasn\u011b navrhuje sv\u00fdm nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdm diplomatickou neutralizaci m\u00edsta potopen\u00ed. Nikdo v\u0161ak neodpov\u00edd\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\"donitz\"Zhruba o p\u016fldruh\u00e9 hodiny pozd\u011bji kone\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed ponorkov\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1b pos\u00edl\u00e1 na m\u00edsto potopen\u00ed Laconie dal\u0161\u00ed ponorky, U 506 a U 507. Informuje tak\u00e9 italskou flotilu kotv\u00edc\u00ed v Bordeaux a \u00fa\u0159ady francouzsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy ve Vichy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isl\u00edb\u00ed vyslat do oblasti dv\u011b fregaty a k\u0159i\u017en\u00edk z p\u0159\u00edstavu v Dakaru. Ponorky v\u0161ak nedoraz\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e 15. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, francouzsk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lodi je\u0161t\u011b pozd\u011bji. Z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch prac\u00ed se tak nakonec z\u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed jen oba n\u011bmeck\u00e9 U-Booty, kter\u00fdm se poda\u0159\u00ed (podle \u00fadaj\u016f korvetn\u00edho kapit\u00e1na Schachta z U 507) zachr\u00e1nit 163 Ital\u016f, 310 Brit\u016f a 20 Pol\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n

Reakce<\/p>\n

Tato tragick\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost poslou\u017eila ji\u017e 17. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1942 admir\u00e1lu D\u00f3nitzovi, veliteli nacistick\u00e9ho ponorkov\u00e9ho lo\u010fstva, k vyd\u00e1n\u00ed nestoudn\u011b zlo\u010dinn\u00e9ho v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho rozkazu, nazvan\u00e9ho pozd\u011bji „rozkazem LACONIA“:<\/p>\n

1) Mus\u00ed p\u0159estat v\u0161echny pokusy zachr\u00e1nit pos\u00e1dky lod\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se potopily, v\u010detn\u011b pokus\u016f vylovit osoby plovaj\u00edc\u00ed, nebo je um\u00edstit do z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch \u010dlun\u016f… Z\u00e1chrana trose\u010dn\u00edk\u016f je v rozporu se z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dnou nutnost\u00ed…
2)  Rozkaz zmocnit se vel\u00edc\u00edho d\u016fstojn\u00edka a vrchn\u00edch strojn\u00edk\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v platnosti.
3)  Trose\u010dn\u00edci budou vyloveni jen v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee jejich v\u00fdslech bude ku prosp\u011bchu ponorky.
4)…
(zkr\u00e1ceno z Van der Vat, Atlantic Campaign)<\/p>\n

Karl Donitz byl pozd\u011bji za tento rozkaz odsouzen norimbersk\u00fdm tribun\u00e1lem jako v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd zlo\u010dinec k deseti let\u016fm t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho \u017eal\u00e1\u0159e. Jist\u011b pr\u00e1vem. V\u017edy\u0165 nejnelid\u0161t\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozkaz pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edka zn\u00ed: \u00bbNebrat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 trose\u010dn\u00edky, odep\u0159\u00edt jim jakoukoli pomoc!\u00ab<\/p>\n

Trag\u00e9die parn\u00edku Laconia v\u0161ak m\u011bla i dohru jin\u00e9ho druhu. \u0160estn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v rann\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch objevil americk\u00fd bombard\u00e9r Liberator ponorku U 156, pluj\u00edc\u00ed na hladin\u011b pod vlajkou s \u010derven\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem a vlekouc\u00ed z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 \u010dluny, p\u0159epln\u011bn\u00e9 trose\u010dn\u00edky. Nejsou zn\u00e1my pohnutky americk\u00fdch letc\u016f, kter\u00e9 je p\u0159im\u011bly napadnout ponorku pumami a palubn\u00edmi zbran\u011bmi, faktem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee kapit\u00e1n-poru\u010d\u00edk Hartenstein v obav\u011b o svou lo\u010f na\u0159\u00eddil od\u0159\u00edznout vle\u010dn\u00e1 lana a hledat sp\u00e1su pod hladinou, potopen\u00ed Laconie p\u0159e\u017eilo celkem 800 Brit\u016f, 100 Pol\u00e1k\u016f a asi 450 Ital\u016f. Zahynulo 1350 italsk\u00fdch zajatc\u016f a 11 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f jin\u00fdch n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem<\/p>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek rozhodn\u011b nem\u00e1 b\u00fdt obhajobou nacismu, ani pokusem o tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee nacistick\u00e1 Kriegsmarine by snad vedla n\u011bjak\u00fd druh \u00bb\u010destn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky\u00ab. Je dostate\u010dn\u011b zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jin\u00ed ponorkov\u00ed kapit\u00e1ni nechali post\u0159\u00edlet bezbrann\u00e9 trose\u010dn\u00edky z kulomet\u016f. M\u011bjme v\u0161ak na pam\u011bti, \u017ee jak\u00e1koli v\u00e1lka je bezesporu tou nejstra\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, kterou kdy \u010dlov\u011bk vynalezl. Potopen\u00ed Laconie n\u00e1m budi\u017e n\u00e1zorn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem, \u017ee humanistick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, o jak\u00fd se sna\u017eil Werner Hartenstein, ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m b\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed jen t\u011b\u017eko pad\u00e1 na \u00farodnou p\u016fdu. A \u017ee druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka neskon\u010dila pro nacistick\u00e9 N\u011bmecko por\u00e1\u017ekou jenom proto, \u017ee byla (z n\u011bmeck\u00e9 strany) v\u00e1lkou agresivn\u00ed, dobyva\u010dnou a nespravedlivou. Tak p\u0159\u00edmo\u010dar\u00e9 a jednoduch\u00e9 d\u011bjiny bohu\u017eel nejsou. Pro ilustraci n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee poslou\u017eit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed srovn\u00e1n\u00ed: zat\u00edmco v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd zlo\u010dinec Donitz v\u00e1lku i v\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159e\u010dkal a do\u017eil se v kruhu rodiny vysok\u00e9ho v\u011bku, kapit\u00e1nporu\u010d\u00edk Hartenstein zahynul 8. b\u0159ezna s celou svou pos\u00e1dkou kdesi ve st\u0159edn\u00edm Atlantiku.<\/p>\n

Ostatn\u011b ani samotn\u00e1 plavba Laconie nebyla v mez\u00edch z\u00e1kona. Tato lo\u010f byla sice postavena jako osobn\u00ed parn\u00edk, ale v dob\u011b v\u00e1lky byla rekv\u00edrov\u00e1na a zaps\u00e1na do stavu britsk\u00e9ho v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho n\u00e1mo\u0159nictva jako vojensk\u00e9 transportn\u00ed plavidlo. Pos\u00e1dku tvo\u0159ili p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci Royal Navy a lo\u010f byla ozbrojena. Nep\u0159\u00edtel ji tedy mohl kdykoli bez v\u00fdstrahy napadnout. Co v\u00edc, p\u0159eprava civiln\u00edch osob, \u017een, d\u011bt\u00ed a v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch zajatc\u016f na vojensk\u00e9 lodi je z hlediska mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 a nese v\u0161echny znaky v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho zlo\u010dinu. Tito v\u0161ichni maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na evakuaci nemocni\u010dn\u00ed lod\u00ed. Takov\u00e1 lo\u010f v\u0161ak mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159edepsan\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ozna\u010dena, jej\u00ed trasu mus\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed velitelstv\u00ed s p\u0159edstihem ozn\u00e1mit Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu \u010derven\u00e9mu k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a v\u017edy mus\u00ed plout pln\u011b osv\u011btlen\u00e1. Pouze v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b po\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pln\u00e9 ochrany mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Co dodat? Historick\u00e1 pravda je pojem do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry relativn\u00ed. Pouze dostate\u010dn\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd odstup, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed pat\u0159i\u010dn\u00fd nadhled a pe\u010dliv\u00e9 zamy\u0161len\u00ed nad p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami a souvislostmi, n\u00e1m d\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0161anci vid\u011bt jakoukoliv historickou ud\u00e1lost tak, jak se skute\u010dn\u011b stala, a pe\u010dliv\u011b rozli\u0161ovat mezi histori\u00ed a propagandou. Jakkoli mo\u017en\u00e1 dob\u0159e m\u00edn\u011bnou. A v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 historie obecn\u011b by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b mementem a v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm varov\u00e1n\u00edm pro v\u0161echny budouc\u00ed generace.                   <\/p>\n

Jaroslav BOHOLT<\/p>\n

Archiv NOS<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u00ed\u0161e se 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1942, podzim \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho roku. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 ponorka U 156 pluje vodami asi 600 n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch mil ji\u017en\u011b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1450,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[51,66,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1452"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1452"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1452\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1452"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1452"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}