{"id":1650,"date":"2011-11-29T19:51:33","date_gmt":"2011-11-29T18:51:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2011\/11\/29\/miloslav-ransdorf-prmrni-lide-v-roli-diktator-9\/"},"modified":"2011-11-29T19:51:33","modified_gmt":"2011-11-29T18:51:33","slug":"miloslav-ransdorf-prmrni-lide-v-roli-diktator-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2011\/11\/29\/miloslav-ransdorf-prmrni-lide-v-roli-diktator-9\/","title":{"rendered":"Miloslav Ransdorf: Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00ed lid\u00e9 v roli dikt\u00e1tor\u016f. (9)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"ransdorf\"V z\u00e1plav\u011b plytk\u00fdch \u017ev\u00e1st\u016f o toto\u017enosti komunismu a fa\u0161ismu je nanejv\u00fd\u0161 aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed si st\u00e1le
pripom\u00ednat, co to \u201eobycejn\u00fd fa\u0161ismus\u201c byl.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

IX. Pozn\u00e1mka na okraj Konradov\u00fdch \u201e\u0160panelsk\u00fdch revoluc\u00ed (35)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Predstavuj\u00ed jedinou kni\u017en\u00ed publikaci Kurta Konrada za jeho \u017eivota. Odli\u0161uj\u00ed se svou odbornou kompetentnost\u00ed, celkov\u00fdm z\u00e1berem i dodnes trvaj\u00edc\u00ed aktu\u00e1lnost\u00ed od jinak hodnotn\u00e9 a zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 knihy soci\u00e1ln\u00edho demokrata Gustava Wintera Don Quijote na rozcest\u00ed36, stejne jako od Kischov\u00fdch report\u00e1\u017e\u00ed (vlastne i jak\u00fdchsi drobn\u00fdch kulturne historick\u00fdch stat\u00ed, za nimi\u017e pres lehkost pod\u00e1n\u00ed stoj\u00ed neskutecne dukladn\u00e1 a klopotn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce (o nich pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9m vystoupen\u00ed kolega Otto 8ov\u00e1k). Ze z\u00e1plavy levicov\u00e9 literatury o \u0160panelsku vynikaj\u00ed jiste i silne emotivn\u00ed Erenburgovy \u201e\u0160panelsk\u00e9 report\u00e1\u017ee 1931-1939\u201c. 37 V cem byl pr\u00edstup Konrada zaj\u00edmav\u00fd?<\/p>\n

Konrad zasazuje v\u00fdvoj \u0160panelsku do kontextu vzniku modern\u00ed bur\u017eoasn\u00ed spolecnosti, ukazuje, jak nedokoncen\u00e9 revoluce deformuj\u00ed prubeh dejin spolecnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je zrodily. Necekane pronikav\u00e9 jsou jeho charakteristiky \u0161panelsk\u00e9 mystiky a jej\u00edho opozicne kritick\u00e9ho vy\u00fasten\u00ed. Konrad je historick\u00fd determinista, ale nikdy se neut\u00edk\u00e1 k tomu, \u017ee by v\u00fdvoj byl predurcen ekonomick\u00fdmi danostmi. Bikoli, lid\u00e9 sami jsou tvurci dejin, nev\u00e1lcuj\u00ed je nejak\u00e9 neosobn\u00ed dejiny s velk\u00fdm D, ale jejich vlastn\u00ed chyby a selh\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Konrad ukazuje to, jak \u0160panelsku chyb\u00ed siln\u00e1 a sebevedom\u00e1 obcansk\u00e1 spolecnost, jak se v\u0161e toc\u00ed kolem st\u00e1tu (nav\u00edc \u0161patne funguj\u00edc\u00edho). \u00dapln\u00fdm zjeven\u00edm sv\u00e9ho casu pro mne byly jeho sondy do \u0161panelsk\u00e9 kolektivn\u00ed mentality, jej\u00edch siln\u00fdch m\u00edst a polo\u017eek, kter\u00e9 byly vedome i nevedome vytesneny.<\/p>\n

U\u017e zm\u00ednen\u00fd mexick\u00fd prozaik a kulturn\u00ed historik Carlos Fuentes (podobne tak ucinil u\u017e Kurt Konrad) brilantne uk\u00e1zal exaltovanost a zan\u00edcenost hisp\u00e1nsk\u00e9 du\u0161e, kter\u00e1 souvis\u00ed s temito potlacen\u00fdmi a nereflektovan\u00fdmi strukturami. A\u017e podezrele tolerantn\u00ed \u0160panel\u00e9 se zmenili d\u00edky reconquiste a jej\u00edmu zavr\u0161en\u00ed v bojovn\u00e9 a v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00e9 ultrakatol\u00edky, kter\u00ed snili svuj sen o univers\u00e1ln\u00ed monarchii. Tato slo\u017eit\u00e1 prevrstvov\u00e1n\u00ed se objevovala ve \u0161panelsk\u00fdch dejin\u00e1ch znovu a znovu a zakl\u00e1dala i paradoxy emancipacn\u00edch hnut\u00ed, vcetne socialismu a komunismu.<\/p>\n

\u0160panel\u00e9 a Ce\u0161i maj\u00ed zku\u0161enost nesamozrejmosti n\u00e1rodn\u00ed existence. Ale tato nesamozrejmost jde jin\u00fdm smerem. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd cesk\u00fd umelec a myslitel by nevyjadroval touhu poce\u0161tit Evropu, tak jako chtel m\u00edsto evropeizov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0160panelska po\u0161panel\u0161tit Evropu Miguel de Unamuno. Nejv\u00fd\u0161e chceme b\u00fdt v kulturn\u00ed s\u00edle a kulturn\u00edm lesku prvn\u00edmi, jak to vyj\u00e1dril Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1cek v dobe pekla prvn\u00ed svetov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kdy kultura nahrazovala \u2013 jako tolikr\u00e1t \u2013 selh\u00e1n\u00ed cesk\u00e9 politiky. Ce\u0161i byli a jsou mistri ironick\u00e9 distance a naopak \u0160panel\u00e9 predvedli i v obcansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce svetu gesta grandovsk\u00e9 bravury, kter\u00e1 se nekter\u00fdm interbrigadistum zd\u00e1la nepochopiteln\u00e1. V obou pr\u00edpadech je ale nereflektovan\u00e1 historick\u00e1 zku\u0161enost, jak naznacuje Konrad, probl\u00e9mem pro pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 z\u00e1pasy. Pro modern\u00ed jakob\u00ednskou demokracii, j\u00ed\u017e patr\u00ed \u2013 bez jej\u00edch excesu \u2013 Konradova sympatie. Ale o jakob\u00ednsk\u00e9 demokracii jindy a jinde.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed literatura v ce\u0161tine:<\/p>\n

A. U. Arteta, J. M. J. Zamora., S. C. Serrano., Dejiny \u0160panelska, NLN, 1999;<\/p>\n

P. Pilhreimov\u00e1 .,Salazarovo Portugalsko, NPL, 1965; J. Kl\u00edma,Dejiny Portugalska,NLN,1996;<\/p>\n

L. 8eck\u00e1rov\u00e1., \u0160panelsko a lidov\u00e1 fronta 1931-1936, Academia, Praha 1986<\/p>\n

Odkazy :<\/p>\n

1) Andr\u00e9e Bachoudov\u00e1, Franco neboli o \u00faspechu prumern\u00e9ho cloveka, Praha 2008.
2) E. Esperabe de Artega, La guerra de Reconquista espanola, Madrid 1939, s. 59-60; J. Armero, La pol\u00edtica exterior de Franco, Bratislava 1978, s. 25-27. 3 Dolores Pla Brugat, El exilio republicano espanol, v: AULA. Historia social, Nr. 13, jaro 2004; Bartolom\u00e9 Benmassar, La guerre de\u00b4Espagne et les lendemains, Paris 2004; Antonio Soriano, \u00c9xodos. Historia oral del exilio repubulicano en Francia 1939-1945, Barcelona 1989; Genevieve Dreyfus-Armand, El exilio de los republicanos espanoles en Francia, Barcelona 2000.
4) Ram\u00f3n Tamames, La Rep\u00fablica. La era de Franco, Madrid 1973, s. 356-357.
5) Max Gallo, Histoire de l\u00b4Espagne franquiste, Paris 1975, s. 81.
6) Viz Francisco Moreno, La represi\u00f3n en la posguerra, v: Juli\u00e1 Santos, vyd., V\u00edctimas de la guerra civil, Barcelona-Madrid 1999.
7) G. Georgel, Le franquisme. Histoire et bilan, 1939-1969, Paris 1970, s. 207-208; R. Tamames, La Rep\u00fablica. La era de Franco, s. 352; L. Ferri, J. Muixi, E. Sanjuan, Las huelgas contra Franco, Barcelona 1978, s. 21-22.
8) D. Ruiz, La dictadura franquista, 1939-1975, Oviedo 1978, s. 30.
9) Dejiny KSC v datech, Praha 1984.
10) Shrnuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fadaje najde cten\u00e1r napr\u00edklad v knize Karel Kaplan-Pavel Palecek, Komunistick\u00fd re\u017eim a politick\u00e9 procesy v Ceskoslovensku, Brno 2001.
11) Carlos Fuentes, Pohrben\u00e9 zrcadlo, Praha 2003.
12) Portugal and Spain. Portugal e Espanha. Portugal y Espana 1986-2006, Bruxelles 2006.
13) T\u00e9ma zla se u Simone Adolhine Weil por\u00e1d vrac\u00ed: Simone Weil, Cahiers (3 svazky), Paris 1970-1974.
14) Bedrich Loewenstein, Projekt moderny, Praha 1995.
15) Srv. Sabine Kebir, Gramsci\u00b4s Zivilgesellschaft, Hamburg 1991.
16) Victor Klemperer, Jazyk Tret\u00ed r\u00ed\u0161e- LTI pozn\u00e1mky filologovy, Praha Praha 2003 (nemeck\u00fd origin\u00e1l LTI \u2013 Notizbuch eines Philologen, Leipzig 1975. Viz i Pierre Faye, Langages totalitaires, Paris 2004. Kulturn\u00ed struktury fa\u0161ismu rozeb\u00edr\u00e1m v exkursu Morfologie rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se kultury ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle Nov\u00e9 cten\u00ed Marxe, I, Praha 1996.
17) Viz zejm\u00e9na Edwin P. Hoyt, Mussolini\u00b4s Empire, The Rise and Fall of the Fascist Vision, John Wiley, New York etc. 1994.
18) Za nejlep\u0161\u00ed monografii o \u0161panelsk\u00e9 obcansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce pokl\u00e1d\u00e1m knihu, kterou sepsal Antony Beevor, Der Spanische B\u00fcrgerkrieg, M\u00fcnchen 2008. Ve sv\u00e9m v\u00fdkladu sleduji do znacn\u00e9 m\u00edry toto vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed pod\u00e1n\u00ed.
19) K nim nejobs\u00e1hleji Michel Lefebvre \u2013 R\u00e9mi Skoutelsky, Las Brigadas Internacionales, Barcelona 2003. Pro Ceskoslovensko uv\u00e1d\u00ed oba autori 1066 interbrigadistu (s. 16). Re\u00e1ln\u00e9 c\u00edslo podle zji\u0161ten\u00ed na\u0161ich specialistu je nad 2500. I to ukazuje probl\u00e9my spjat\u00e9 dosud s dokumentac\u00ed prubehu, okolnost\u00ed a dusledku \u0161panelsk\u00e9 obcansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky.
20) Srv. Michael Alpert, El ej\u00e9rcito republicano, Paris 1977.
21) Viz bl\u00ed\u017ee Stoy\u00e1n M\u00ednev (St\u00e9panow), Las causas de la derrota de la Rep\u00fablica espanola, Madrid 2003.
22) Dobov\u00e9 svedectv\u00ed pod\u00e1v\u00e1 Segismundo Casado, The Last Days of Madrid, London 1939.
23) Velmi dobrou stud\u00ed o utv\u00e1ren\u00ed frankistick\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu a jeho spr\u00e1ve je studie Istv\u00e1na Hars\u00e1nuiho A Francodiktat\u00fara sz\u00fclet\u00e9se. A Franco-renszer keletkez\u00e9se \u00e9s a spanyol munk\u00e1smozgalom 1938-1939, Budapest 1988. Jsou tu v pr\u00edloh\u00e1ch seznamy clenu frankistick\u00fdch a republik\u00e1nsk\u00fdch vl\u00e1d.
24) Elena San Rom\u00e1n, Ej\u00e9rcito e industria: el nacimiento del INI, Barcelona 1999; Joan Clavera, vyd. Capitalismo espanol: de la autarqu\u00eda a la estabilizaci\u00f3n, 1939-1959, Madrid 1978.
25) Franco poslal na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed frontu asi 45 000 voj\u00e1ku, padlo 5000, 8700 bylo zraneno, 2137 zmrzaceno, 1600 te\u017ece omrzlo, 7800 utrpelo choroby a a 372 bylo zajato. Ty privezla lod Semiramis do |\u0160panelska a\u017e v dubnu 1954. Celkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady 613, 5 mil. peset byly zapocteny protihodnotou oproti v\u00fddajum na nasazen\u00ed nemeck\u00e9 legie Condor. Viz Xavier Moreno Juli\u00e1, La Divisi\u00f3n Azul. Sangre espanola en Rusia, 1941-1945, Barcelona 2005.
26) Srv. Javier Tusell, Dictadura franquista y democracia, Barcelona 2005.
27) Hodne materi\u00e1lu o souboji mezi PIDE a portugalsk\u00fdmi komunisty lze naj\u00edt v knize 60 anos de luta, Lisboa 1981.
28) Pres svuj osobnostn\u00ed form\u00e1t a pozornost, kterou v\u017edy pritahoval, zust\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00c1lvaro Cunhal v mnoha ohledech pln\u00fd tajemstv\u00ed a z\u00e1had. Pokus o zat\u00edm nejobs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed monografii podal Jos\u00e9 Pacheco Pereira, \u00c1lvaro Cunhal. Uma biografia pol\u00edtica, 1-3, Lisboa 1999-2005, kter\u00e1 zat\u00edm do\u0161la k roku 1960. Svou hodnotu maj\u00ed i knihy jako Joao C\u00e9u e Silva, Uma longa viagem com \u00c1lvaro Cunhal, Lisboa 2005; t\u00fd\u017e, \u00c1lvaro Cunhal e as mulheres que tomaram partido,Lisboa 2006; sborn\u00edk, kter\u00fd pripravil Urbano Tavares Rodrigues, \u00c9 tempo de come\u00e7ar a falar com \u00c1lvaro Cunhal, Lisboa 2005. Cunhalovy sebran\u00e9 spisy \u00c1lvaro Cunhal, Obras escolhidas III, 2007-2008 dospely zat\u00edm k roku 1964.
29) Kritiku levic\u00e1ck\u00fdch a voluntaristick\u00fdch koncepc\u00ed 60. let, stejne jako iluz\u00ed spjat\u00fdch s v\u00edrou v mo\u017enou evoluci salazarismu pod\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00c1lvaro Cunhal, Ac\u00e7ao Revolucion\u00e1ria, Capitula\u00e7ao e Aventura, Lisboa 1994 (text vznikl pr\u00e1ve roce 1964).
30) Mezi um\u00edrnen\u00e9 salazaristy patril tehdy tak\u00e9 pozdej\u0161\u00ed president An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva, Autobiografia Pol\u00edtica I-II, Lisboa 2002, 2004.
31) Jeho pohled shrnuj\u00ed knihy M\u00e1rio Soares. Entretien, Paris 2002; M\u00e1rio soares \u2013 S\u00e9rgio Sousa Pinto, Di\u00e1logo de Gera\u00e7oes, Lisboa 2004.
32) Pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 doklady lze nal\u00e9zt v knize \u00c1lvara Cunhala, A Verdade e a Mentira na Revolu\u00e7ao de Abril (A contra-revolu\u00e7ao confessa-se), Lisboa 1999.
33) Demokratick\u00fd odkaz a poselstv\u00ed \u201ekarafi\u00e1tov\u00e9 revoluce\u201c rozeb\u00edr\u00e1 \u00c1lvaro Cunhal, Revolu\u00e7ao Portuguesa. O Pasado e o Futuro, Lisboa 1994 (prvn\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed 1976). Cunhalovy politick\u00e9 koncepce najde cten\u00e1r v knize \u00c1lvaro Cunhal, O Partido com paredes de vidro, Lisboa 1985 a rozhovorech s Catarinou Pires Cinco conversas com \u00c1lvaro Cunhal, Lisboa 1999 (podstatnou c\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho prekladu t\u00e9to knihy jsem um\u00edstil na webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky www.ransdorf.com). Pro celkovou orientaci pokud jde o kl\u00edcov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti a osobnosti \u201ekarafi\u00e1tov\u00e9 revoluce\u201c viz John Andrade, Dicion\u00e1rio do 25 de Abril, Lisboa 2002.
34) Josep S\u00e1nchez Cervel\u00f3, A Revolu\u00e7ao Portuguesa e a sua influencia na transi\u00e7ao espanhola (1961-1976), Lisboa 1993. O prechodu k demokracii v obou pyrenejsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch viz Vladim\u00edra Dvor\u00e1kov\u00e1 \u2013 Jir\u00ed Kunc, O prechodech k demokracii, Praha 1994.
35) Kurt Konrad, \u0160panelsk\u00e9 revoluce, Praha 1950 (3. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed). Z literatury je treba uv\u00e9st studii Josefa Poli\u0161ensk\u00e9ho, Kurt Konrad a jeho \u0160panelsk\u00e9 revoluce, AUC, Philosophica et historica 2- 1982, Praha 1984, s. 79-94.
36) Gustav Winter, Don Quijote na rozcest\u00ed, Praha 1935.
37) Ilja Erenburg, Ispanskije reporta\u017ei 1931-1939, Moskva 1986.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V z\u00e1plav\u011b plytk\u00fdch \u017ev\u00e1st\u016f o toto\u017enosti komunismu a fa\u0161ismu je nanejv\u00fd\u0161 aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed si st\u00e1lepripom\u00ednat, co to \u201eobycejn\u00fd fa\u0161ismus\u201c byl.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":547,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[9],"tags":[203,95,157,345,63],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1650"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1650"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1650\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/547"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1650"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}