{"id":1837,"date":"2007-03-09T11:11:09","date_gmt":"2007-03-09T10:11:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2007\/03\/09\/system-inkvizice-9\/"},"modified":"2007-03-09T11:11:09","modified_gmt":"2007-03-09T10:11:09","slug":"system-inkvizice-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2007\/03\/09\/system-inkvizice-9\/","title":{"rendered":"Syst\u00e9m Inkvizice (9)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"inkvizice\"VY\u0160ET\u0158OV\u00c1N\u00cd <\/p>\n

Podkladem pro vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed byly tedy ud\u00e1n\u00ed nebo v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f vy\u0161et\u0159ovan\u00e9ho, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 proti t\u0159et\u00ed osob\u011b. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Inkvizitor zahajoval na z\u00e1klad\u011b jednoho z t\u011bchto dokument\u016f p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Volal p\u0159itom k v\u00fdslechu sv\u011bdky, kte\u0159\u00ed mohli potvrdit ob\u017ealobu, shroma\u017e\u010foval dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fadaje o nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti podez\u0159el\u00e9ho a o jeho v\u00fdroc\u00edch a pos\u00edlal dotazy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se dal\u0161\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f o jeho vin\u011b jin\u00fdm inkvizi\u010dn\u00edm tribun\u00e1l\u016fm. Potom ve\u0161ker\u00fd shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd materi\u00e1l dost\u00e1vali kvalifik\u00e1to\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed rozhodli o tom, zda m\u00e1 b\u00fdt podez\u0159el\u00fd ob\u017ealov\u00e1n z kac\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed. Kdy\u017e inkvizitor dostal od kvalifik\u00e1tora kladnou odpov\u011b\u010f, na\u0159\u00eddil podez\u0159el\u00e9ho zatknout. Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku byl k zat\u010den\u00ed \u201evlivn\u00fdch osob" nezbytn\u00fd p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00fd souhlas Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rady inkvizice.
Zat\u010den\u00fd byl um\u00edst\u011bn v tajn\u00e9m v\u011bzen\u00ed inkvizice, kde byl v naprost\u00e9 izolaci od okoln\u00edho sv\u011bta, zpravidla ve vlhk\u00e9 a tmav\u00e9 kobce, \u010dasto spout\u00e1n nebo uv\u00e1z\u00e1n na \u0159et\u011bzu jako pes.
Pomaten\u00ed smysl\u016f ani smrt ob\u017ealovan\u00e9ho nebyly d\u016fvodem k zastaven\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed.
Podez\u0159en\u00ed, tj. nedok\u00e1zan\u00e9 obvin\u011bn\u00ed z kac\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na dohadech, p\u0159edpokladech a nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch d\u016fkazech (nap\u0159. n\u00e1hodn\u00fd styk s kac\u00ed\u0159em, pobyt s n\u00edm v jednom dom\u011b atd.), bylo dostate\u010dn\u00fdm d\u016fvodem k zat\u010den\u00ed. Osoby, proti nim\u017e existovalo sebenicotn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podez\u0159en\u00ed, byly zat\u010deny a n\u011bkdy str\u00e1vily dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta v \u017eal\u00e1\u0159i.
Ud\u00e1n\u00ed (a t\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e vlastn\u00ed obvin\u011bn\u00ed) bylo pro inkvizici d\u016fkazem o vin\u011b ob\u017ealovan\u00e9ho. C\u00edrkev se d\u00edvala na ka\u017ed\u00e9ho v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edho jako na potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho kac\u00ed\u0159e, v\u017edy\u0165 \u010f\u00e1bel se podle tvrzen\u00ed teolog\u016f sna\u017e\u00ed sv\u00e9st v\u0161echny v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed z prav\u00e9 cesty. Ud\u00e1n\u00ed bylo pokl\u00e1d\u00e1no div ne za mystick\u00fd akt Proz\u0159etelnosti. Udava\u010d byl v\u011b\u0161tcem sd\u011bluj\u00edc\u00edm pravdu. Proto vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nem\u011blo prov\u011b\u0159it ud\u00e1n\u00ed, ale vynutit na ob\u017ealovan\u00e9m dozn\u00e1n\u00ed viny, jeho pok\u00e1n\u00ed a sm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed s c\u00edrkv\u00ed. Je ovsem mo\u017en\u00fd i jin\u00fd v\u00fdklad. Udava\u010d mohl jednat na pokyn \u010f\u00e1bla. Takov\u00fd n\u00e1zor na udava\u010de by vsak inkvizici zbavoval jej\u00edch ob\u011bt\u00ed, nebo\u0165 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina ud\u00e1n\u00ed byla pouh\u00fdmi pomluvami, kter\u00e9 by pro jejich nepr\u016fkaznost zam\u00edtl ka\u017ed\u00fd sv\u011btsk\u00fd soud.
P\u0159esto\u017ee inkvizice pova\u017eovala ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo upadl do jej\u00edch sp\u00e1r\u016f, za vin\u00edka, musela sv\u00e9 obvin\u011bn\u00ed zd\u016fvodnit, a to zase nikoli proto, aby vy\u0161la najevo skute\u010dn\u00e1 pravda, ale kv\u016fli n\u011b\u010demu \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9mu. Za prv\u00e9 proto, aby ob\u017ealovan\u00fd uznal svou vinu a litoval sv\u00fdch h\u0159\u00edch\u016f. \u0158e\u010deno jinak, i kdy\u017e byly shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1ny d\u016fkazy proti ob\u017ealovan\u00e9mu, d\u011blo se tak v jeho z\u00e1jmu, v z\u00e1jmu sp\u00e1sy jeho du\u0161e. Zachr\u00e1nit svou du\u0161i, a t\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e \u017eivot mohl ob\u017ealovan\u00fd jedin\u011b \u00fapln\u00fdm a bezv\u00fdhradn\u00fdm dozn\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00e9 v\u00edny, tj. potvrzen\u00edm opodstatn\u011bnosti ob\u017ealoby. Za druh\u00e9 d\u016fkazy byly nezbytn\u00e9 k tomu, aby se alespo\u0148 navenek, \u010dist\u011b form\u00e1ln\u011b zachov\u00e1valo zd\u00e1n\u00ed spravedlnosti, aby ob\u017ealovan\u00fd pozbyl ve\u0161ker\u00e9 nad\u011bje zachr\u00e1nit se jin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, projevil up\u0159\u00edmnou l\u00edtost a sm\u00ed\u0159il se s c\u00edrkv\u00ed. D\u016fkazy v podob\u011b sv\u011bdeck\u00fdch v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e nepravdiv\u00fdch, \u010di pravdiv\u00fdch, m\u011bly zlomit v\u011bzn\u011b, zbavit ho odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00e1st odpor a donutit vzd\u00e1t se na milost a nemilost sv\u00e9mu mu\u010diteli \u2014 inkvizitorovi.
Odkud poch\u00e1zely tyto d\u016fkazy? Dod\u00e1vali je krom\u011b udava\u010d\u016f fale\u0161n\u00ed sv\u011bdkov\u00e9 \u2014 tajn\u00ed dona\u0161e\u010di ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch inkvizice, r\u016fzn\u00ed zlo\u010dinci \u2014 vrazi, zlod\u011bji a jin\u00e9 \u017eivly, jejich\u017e v\u00fdpov\u011bdi nem\u011bly pr\u00e1vnickou platnost u sv\u011btsk\u00fdch soud\u016f dokonce ani ve st\u0159edov\u011bku. Proti ob\u017ealovan\u00e9mu mohla sv\u011bd\u010dit jeho \u017eena, d\u011bti, brat\u0159i, sestry, otec, matka a jin\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed, a rovn\u011b\u017e slu\u017eebnictvo. Nep\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eelo se v\u0161ak k jejich v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00edm ve prosp\u011bch ob\u017ealovan\u00e9ho, nebo\u0165 se soudilo, \u017ee na p\u0159\u00edznivou v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f mohou m\u00edt vliv p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00e9 svazky nebo z\u00e1vislost sv\u011bdka na ob\u017ealovan\u00e9m.
K. v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00edm odhalen\u00fdch kac\u00ed\u0159\u016f, souv\u011brc\u016f ob\u017ealovan\u00e9ho, se p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eelo jedin\u011b v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee sv\u011bd\u010dili ve prosp\u011bch ob\u017ealoby. \u201eNebo\u0165 v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f kac\u00ed\u0159e Ve prosp\u011bch ob\u017ealovan\u00e9ho," \u0159ekl Nicolau Eymerich, \u201em\u016f\u017ee prov\u00e1zet nen\u00e1vist k c\u00edrkvi a p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed zabr\u00e1nit potrest\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159estupk\u016f proti v\u00ed\u0159e. Podobn\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady nejsou mysliteln\u00e9, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed-li kac\u00ed\u0159 proti ob\u017ealovan\u00e9mu." (11)
Jm\u00e9na udava\u010d\u016f a sv\u011bdk\u016f neznali nejen kvalifik\u00e1to\u0159i, ale ani souzen\u00ed kac\u00ed\u0159i a pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jejich obh\u00e1jci. I kdy\u017e jim byly ozn\u00e1meny jednotliv\u00e9 body ob\u017ealoby, pak jedin\u011b v pozm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 form\u011b, kter\u00e1 znemo\u017e\u0148ovala zjistit prav\u00e9 jm\u00e9no sv\u011bdka nebo udava\u010de. Jestli\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad sv\u011bdek uvedl, \u017ee mu ob\u017ealovan\u00fd sd\u011bloval kac\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, bylo to ob\u017ealovan\u00e9mu \u0159e\u010deno takto: existuje v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f jedn\u00e9 osoby, kter\u00e1 sly\u0161ela, jak ob\u017ealovan\u00fd sd\u011bloval kac\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1zory t\u0159et\u00ed osob\u011b, atd. (13)
Je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00ed obh\u00e1jci inkvizice nemohou pop\u0159\u00edt tato ani jin\u00e1 fakta, je\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o daleko ne svat\u00fdch metod\u00e1ch \u010dinnosti \u201esvat\u00e9ho" tribun\u00e1lu. Ov\u0161em p\u0159esto, \u017ee tato fakta p\u0159izn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, neznamen\u00e1 to je\u0161t\u011b, \u017ee je odsuzuj\u00ed. Naopak, sna\u017e\u00ed se je ospravedlnit. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd jezuita Bernardino Llorca, autor knihy o \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 inkvizici, ospravedl\u0148uje zlo\u010diny inkvizice n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem: v\u0161echno pr\u00fd z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, zda uzn\u00e1v\u00e1me, \u010di nikoli n\u00e1siln\u00e9 pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kac\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed za pomoci r\u016fzn\u00fdch trest\u016f \u2014 v\u010detn\u011b mu\u010den\u00ed a usmrcen\u00ed vin\u00edka \u2014 za opr\u00e1vn\u011bnou nutnost. Jestli\u017ee ano, pak mus\u00edme uznat opr\u00e1vn\u011bnost a nutnost ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u010dinnosti inkvizice se v\u0161emi jej\u00edmi odpuzuj\u00edc\u00edmi detaily. Mnoh\u00fdm se nyn\u00ed tato \u010dinnost zd\u00e1 zr\u016fdnou, nebo\u0165 dnes se pop\u00edr\u00e1 nutnost inkvizice a n\u00e1siln\u00e9ho pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kac\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina teolog\u016f z doby p\u016fsoben\u00ed inkvizice v\u0161ak uzn\u00e1vala jej\u00ed nutnost, h\u00e1jila a ospravedl\u0148ovala jej\u00ed metody, zejm\u00e9na to, \u017ee inkvizice ne\u0159ekla ob\u017ealovan\u00fdm a v\u0161em ostatn\u00edm z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdm osob\u00e1m jm\u00e9na udava\u010d\u016f a sv\u011bdk\u016f a pln\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed jejich v\u00fdpov\u011bdi. Llorca prohla\u0161uje: \u201eInkvizice nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt skute\u010dn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, jestli\u017ee nezachov\u00e1v\u00e1 ml\u010den\u00ed o sv\u00fdch sv\u011bdc\u00edch. To bylo z\u0159ejm\u00e9 hned od jej\u00edho vzniku." (13) <\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed <\/p>\n

Z knihy: Grigulevi\u010d, I.: D\u011bjiny inkvizice. Praha, Svoboda 1982 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

VY\u0160ET\u0158OV\u00c1N\u00cd Podkladem pro vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed byly tedy ud\u00e1n\u00ed nebo v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f vy\u0161et\u0159ovan\u00e9ho, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 proti t\u0159et\u00ed osob\u011b.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1295,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[10],"tags":[394],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1837"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1837"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1837\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1295"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1837"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1837"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1837"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}