{"id":1868,"date":"2007-03-19T20:38:09","date_gmt":"2007-03-19T19:38:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2007\/03\/19\/bitva-u-lipan\/"},"modified":"2007-03-19T20:38:09","modified_gmt":"2007-03-19T19:38:09","slug":"bitva-u-lipan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2007\/03\/19\/bitva-u-lipan\/","title":{"rendered":"Bitva u Lipan"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"logo\"Kon\u010dil prvn\u00ed kv\u011btnov\u00fd t\u00fdden roku 1434. Pod potrhan\u00fdmi korouhvemi se znakem kalicha se poln\u00ed vojska t\u00e1bor\u016f a sirotk\u016f vracela po marn\u00e9m dev\u00edtim\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed od nepoko\u0159en\u00e9 ba\u0161ty z\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e9 feud\u00e1ln\u011b-katolick\u00e9 reakce \u2014 Plzni. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Ne\u00fasp\u011bch tohoto velk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho ta\u017een\u00ed m\u011bl t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 d\u016fsledky: ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 \u00fatoky, v\u00fdpady oble\u017een\u00fdch, nemoci, ale i dezerce oslabily s\u00edlu rot, p\u0159ed kter\u00fdmi se t\u0159\u00e1sla Evropa. Nav\u00edc vlekl\u00e9 obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011blo i k rozkladu k\u00e1zn\u011b, kterou se kdysi poln\u00ed vojska honosila. Po nezdaru z\u00e1sobovac\u00ed v\u00fdpravy do Bavor byl dokonce rozzu\u0159en\u00fdmi voj\u00e1ky napaden, zran\u011bn a na \u010das uv\u011bzn\u011bn Prokop Velik\u00fd, i zrada pomohla. V dob\u011b, kdy se p\u00e1d Plzn\u011b vzhledem k nedostatku potravin zd\u00e1l b\u00fdt neodvratn\u00fd, dodal podplacen\u00fd husitsk\u00fd hejtman P\u0159ib\u00edk z Klenov\u00e9 do m\u011bsta z\u00e1soby na dal\u0161\u00ed dva m\u011bs\u00edce. A mimoto soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed poln\u00edch vojsk u Plzn\u011b vyu\u017eila pansk\u00e1 jednotka ke st\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ni sil. <\/p>\n

Ale nebyly to jen vojensk\u00e9 starosti, kter\u00e9 p\u0159id\u011bl\u00e1valy husitsk\u00fdm hejtman\u016fm vr\u00e1sky. Prudce se toti\u017e zhor\u0161ila celkov\u00e1 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 situace \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Roky 1432 a 1433 nebyly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u00farodn\u00e9 vzhledem k siln\u00fdm mraz\u016fm, jarn\u00edm z\u00e1plav\u00e1m a tropick\u00fdm vedr\u016fm v l\u00e9t\u011b. A krom\u011b toho \u2014 revoluce pro mnoh\u00e9 d\u00e1vno c\u00edle splnila: \u0161lechta si rozebrala majetek c\u00edrkve, vzrostla moc a v\u00e1ha m\u011bst. I kdysi chud\u00ed hejtman\u00e9 zbohatli na pod\u00edlech z ko\u0159isti… Jednota husitsk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed se postupn\u011b \u0161t\u011bpila. <\/p>\n

Existenci st\u00e1l\u00e9 husitsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy \u2014 poln\u00edch vojsk, vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch v roce 1423 \u2014 si vynutila objektivn\u00ed situace. Nebylo mo\u017eno \u010dekat na pomalu se sch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed zemskou hotovost. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se v\u0161ak tis\u00edcov\u00e9 houfy staly zna\u010dnou ekonomickou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed. U\u017eivit je, i kdy\u017e p\u0159ipo\u010dteme zisky z ko\u0159ist\u00ed a v\u00fdt\u011b\u017eky \u201espanil\u00fdch j\u00edzd", byly st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m.
Ne\u00faroda situaci vyost\u0159ila, husitsk\u00e9 z\u00e1sobovac\u00ed odd\u00edly pod Plzn\u00ed nar\u00e1\u017eely na odpor sedl\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00fdm braly i to posledn\u00ed … <\/p>\n

Ale zp\u011bt do kv\u011btnov\u00fdch dn\u00ed 1434: pansk\u00e1 jednota soust\u0159edila zna\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00edly, naj\u00edmala i zb\u011bhy z poln\u00edch vojsk. Vrchn\u00edm velitelem byl zvolen Divi\u0161 Bo\u0159ek z M\u00edlet\u00ednka, kdysi spolubojovn\u00edk \u017di\u017ek\u016fv. Prudk\u00fdm \u00fatokem dobyla jednota 6. kv\u011btna Nov\u00e9 M\u011bsto pra\u017esk\u00e9. A\u017e pak ukon\u010dila poln\u00ed vojska oble\u017een\u00ed Plzn\u011b a t\u00e1hla ku Praze, zam\u00ed\u0159ila d\u00e1l na v\u00fdchod, kde se mohla op\u0159\u00edt o pevnosti Kol\u00edn, \u010cesk\u00fd Brod a Kou\u0159im. Dne 28. kv\u011btna rozlo\u017eili t\u00e1bo\u0159i a sirotci le\u017een\u00ed u vesnic Lipany a H\u0159iby. M\u011bli asi 9000 p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k\u016f a 700 jezdc\u016f, od sp\u0159\u00e1telen\u00fdch m\u011bst i husitsk\u00e9 \u0161lechty p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velkou pomoc nedostali. V p\u0159edve\u010der z\u00e1pasu o sv\u00e9 byt\u00ed a nebyt\u00ed z\u016fstaly poln\u00ed roty osamoceny. Vojsko pansk\u00e9 jednoty, kter\u00e9 p\u0159itrhlo vz\u00e1p\u011bt\u00ed, m\u011blo zna\u010dnou po\u010detn\u00ed p\u0159evahu \u2014 \u010d\u00edtalo na 18000 p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k\u016f a 1200 jezdc\u016f. Dv\u011b vozov\u00e9 hradby stanuly proti sob\u011b. Pan z Milet\u00ednka nemohl svou po\u010detn\u00ed p\u0159evahu zat\u00edm vyu\u017e\u00edt \u2014 jen bl\u00e1zen by hnal \u00fatok proti voz\u016fm. <\/p>\n

Boj za\u010dal v ned\u011bli 30. kv\u011btna kolem \u010dtvrt\u00e9 hodiny odpoledne. P\u0159edch\u00e1zel mu kr\u00e1tk\u00fd d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00fd souboj, po n\u011bm\u017e jednota zru\u0161ila hradbu a jejich asi 720 voz\u016f se v \u0161iku hnuto proti vozov\u00e9 hradb\u011b bratrstev. Pot\u00e9, co se \u0161ik rozta\u017een\u00fd asi 1 km p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil na vzd\u00e1lenost 250\u2014300 metr\u016f, za\u010dal se st\u00e1\u010det na jihoz\u00e1pad, rovnob\u011b\u017en\u011b s vozy rot. D\u011bla nezah\u00e1lela, ale tempo nab\u00edjen\u00ed p\u0159edur\u010dovalo nevaln\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky. Poln\u00ed vojska mohla m\u00edt v \u010dele hradby asi 12 houfnic, a ty mohly vyp\u00e1lit nejv\u00fd\u0161e dvakr\u00e1t. Leh\u010d\u00ed zbran\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b ku\u0161\u00ed, se ke slovu nedostaly, proto kone\u010dn\u011b vedl pan Bo\u0159ek \u0161ik tak daleko \u2014 post\u0159\u00edlen\u00ed v\u00edce kon\u00ed by znamenalo pohromu, i tak riskoval v\u00edc ne\u017e dost. <\/p>\n

\"lipany\"Dal\u0161\u00ed okam\u017eiky st\u0159etnut\u00ed se staly velkou h\u00e1dankou pro \u010desk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 historiky a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f; pansk\u00e9 vojsko toti\u017e u\u010dinilo za dan\u00e9 situace man\u00e9vr, na kter\u00fd reagovala t\u00e1borsk\u00e1 a sirot\u010d\u00ed vojska ukvapen\u00fdm v\u00fdpadem z vlastn\u00edch voz\u016f. Nejasn\u00fd v\u00fdklad p\u00edsemn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v vedl i k r\u016fzn\u00fdm \u00favah\u00e1m; nap\u0159. Hanu\u0161 Kufner soudil, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd ze 720 pansk\u00fdch voz\u016f se oto\u010dil na m\u00edst\u011b a cel\u00fd \u0161ik se hnul zp\u011bt. Hugo Toman vylep\u0161il tuto teorii t\u00edm, \u017ee vozy nebylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed ot\u00e1\u010det, nebo\u0165 byly za\u0159\u00edzeny na p\u0159ip\u0159a\u017een\u00ed kon\u00ed z obou stran. Rudolf Urb\u00e1nek se naproti tomu domn\u00edval, \u017ee pansk\u00e9 vojsko bylo rozd\u011bleno do dvou skupin, a \u00fastup jedn\u00e9 z nich \u2014 tzv. \u0161pice – vl\u00e1kal poln\u00ed roty do pasti. Otakar Frankenberger st. zpochybnil tyto teorie a vyvodil nejlogi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee toti\u017e pro obrat nebyly p\u0159i takov\u00e9m po\u010dtu voz\u016f podm\u00ednky a tak \u0161ik prost\u011b pokra\u010doval ve sv\u00e9m pohybu na jihoz\u00e1pad a velk\u00fdm obloukem se sto\u010dil na sever. Husit\u00e9 pak za\u00fato\u010dili na \u201ezav\u00edrku" \u0161iku, byli zastaveni, od\u0159\u00edznut\u00ed atd. <\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z t\u011bchto teori\u00ed m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 slabiny. Se zaj\u00edmavou, a v\u016fbec ne nepravd\u011bpodobnou hypot\u00e9zou p\u0159i\u0161el Petr Klu\u010dina. <\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdkoliv obrat v dost\u0159elu nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch d\u011bl bylo nemo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e9st v po\u0159\u00e1dku
vzhledem k nesecvi\u010denosti vozataj\u016f v\u0161ech 720 voz\u016f. A pouh\u00e9 projet\u00ed \u0161iku kolem hradby bratrstev by samo o sob\u011b st\u011b\u017e\u00ed zl\u00e1kalo ost\u0159\u00edlen\u00e9 profesion\u00e1ly k v\u00fdpadu – nep\u0159\u00edtel jim ho mohl zav\u0159\u00edt doslova p\u0159ed nosem a podle po\u010dtu voz\u016f museli vid\u011bt, \u017ee stoj\u00ed proti p\u0159esile.
Petr Klu\u010dina p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 toto: v okam\u017eiku, kdy \u010d\u00e1st pansk\u00e9ho \u0161iku ji\u017e postupovala soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s hradbou husit\u016f, vydal pan z Milet\u00ednka povel k obratu. Z\u00e1konit\u011b vznikl zmatek, \u0159ady se prom\u00edchaly. Na to Bo\u0159ek z Milet\u00ednka \u010dekal: p\u0159edem soust\u0159edil mezi vozy vyk\u0159\u00eddl\u00ed a zav\u00edrky vybran\u00e9 odd\u00edly, kter\u00e9 rozhodn\u011b panice nesm\u011bly propadnout. Skupina z vyk\u0159\u00eddl\u00ed zastavila \u00fatok husit\u016f, zat\u00edmco houfy za zav\u00edrky j\u00edm od\u0159\u00edzly cestu zp\u011bt. Po p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00ed n\u011bkolika voz\u016f v husitsk\u00e9 hradb\u011b vybran\u00fdmi odd\u00edly jednoty zhasla nad\u011bje na n\u00e1vrat a obranu ve vozech. V otev\u0159en\u00e9m poli pak vynikla p\u0159evaha pansk\u00fdch, zejm\u00e9na v j\u00edzd\u011b. Kolem osm\u00e9 hodiny ve\u010der bylo dobojov\u00e1no, v boji na\u0161li smrt i mnoz\u00ed husit\u0161t\u00ed velitel\u00e9 i kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed \u2014 Prokop Velik\u00fd, Prok\u016fpek, Markolt… <\/p>\n

\u00dadaje o celkov\u00e9m po\u010dtu padl\u00fdch se r\u016fzn\u00ed, nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je asi \u010d\u00edslo 1200\u20141500 mrtv\u00fdch z poln\u00edch rot, v\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e9 pochopiteln\u00e9 p\u0159iznali ztr\u00e1ty mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. N\u011bkolik set zajatc\u016f bylo up\u00e1leno v nedalek\u00fdch stodol\u00e1ch, husity narychlo zverbovan\u00e9 sedl\u00e1ky pustili v\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e9 dom\u016f. Z bitvy se probil jen mal\u00fd houf veden\u00fd vrchn\u00edm hejtmanem sirotk\u016f Janem \u010capkem ze S\u00e1n, co\u017e pozd\u011bji zavdalo podn\u011bt k \u00favah\u00e1m o mo\u017en\u00e9 \u010capkov\u00e9 zrad\u011b, i Maroldovo panorama tuto \u00favahu evokuje. <\/p>\n

Lipansk\u00e1 por\u00e1\u017eka v\u0161ak nebyla d\u016fsledkem pouh\u00e9 dobr\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lsti nebo selh\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9ho z velitel\u016f. Byla logick\u00fdm zavr\u0161en\u00edm v\u00fdvoje, v n\u011bm\u017e si z\u00e1konitosti st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 ekonomiky vy\u017e\u00e1daly krutou da\u0148. Politicky v\u0161ak zni\u010den\u00ed nejradik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho k\u0159\u00eddla konec husitsk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b neznamenalo. <\/p>\n

Archiv NoS<\/em> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kon\u010dil prvn\u00ed kv\u011btnov\u00fd t\u00fdden roku 1434. Pod potrhan\u00fdmi korouhvemi se znakem kalicha se poln\u00ed vojska t\u00e1bor\u016f a sirotk\u016f vracela po<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1868"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1868"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1868\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1868"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1868"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}