{"id":197,"date":"2020-09-23T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2006\/08\/01\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-i\/"},"modified":"2020-09-21T12:02:38","modified_gmt":"2020-09-21T10:02:38","slug":"afghanistan-peklo-paradox-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2020\/09\/23\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n &#8211; peklo paradox\u016f (I)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk, vl\u00e1da Talib\u00e1nu, jeho svr\u017een\u00ed, americk\u00e1 okupace. Kde jsou ko\u0159eny tohoto v\u00fdvoje?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-196\" style=\"width: 97px; height: 120px; margin: 5px; float: left;\" title=\"afganistan\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/08\/afganistan.jpg\" alt=\"afganistan\" width=\"97\" height=\"120\" \/> K\u0159i\u017eovatka z\u00e1jm\u016f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n byl prakticky po cel\u00e9 sv\u00e9 d\u011bjiny centrem z\u00e1jmu mocn\u00fdch. Je um\u00edst\u011bn ve vnitrozem\u00ed jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Asie, a\u0165 se pod\u00edv\u00e1\u0161 kamkoliv kolem sebe, v\u0161ude je vid\u011bt hory. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed z nich, No\u0161ak, se 7492 m n.m. P\u0159es slo\u017eit\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pat\u0159\u00ed Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n k zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm. P\u011bstuj e se tu hlavn\u011b p\u0161enice, r\u00fd\u017ee, kuku\u0159ice, bavln\u00edk, olejnat\u00e9 rostliny, v m\u00edstech, kde je dostatek vl\u00e1hy, jsou p\u0159ekr\u00e1sn\u00e9 ovocn\u00e9 sady a vinohrady. K tradi\u010dn\u00edm \u0159emesl\u016fm pat\u0159\u00ed pastevectv\u00ed, chov ovc\u00ed, skotu, velbloud\u016f a osl\u016f. Navenek chud\u00e1, a suroviny v\u0161ak relativn\u011b bohat\u00e1 zem\u011b. T\u011b\u017eily se a dosud se t\u011b\u017e\u00ed ropa, zemn\u00ed plyn, kamenn\u00e9 uhl\u00ed, bauxit, kamenn\u00e1 s\u016fl a zlato. Jsou zde bohat\u00e1 nalezi\u0161t\u011b \u017eeleza a barevn\u00fdch kov\u016f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b \u017eije odhadem v\u00edce ne\u017e dvacet mili\u00f3n\u016f lid\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina z nich 60% jsou Afgh\u00e1nci, (Pa\u0161t\u00fani, Path\u00e1ni), T\u00e1d\u017eikov\u00e9 (asi 30%), Uzbekov\u00e9 (asi 6%) a Chaza\u0159i (asi 4 %). Samostatn\u00fd afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fd st\u00e1t vytvo\u0159il v roce 1747 Ahmad\u0161\u00e1h, v\u016fdce kmene Durr\u00e1n\u00ed. Ov\u0161em prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednky o Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu se objevuj\u00ed ji\u017e na p\u0159elomu des\u00e1t\u00e9ho a jeden\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Pro svoji v\u00fdhodnou polohu bylo toto \u00fazem\u00ed \u010dasto napad\u00e1no. Vedly tudy strategicky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 cesty do Indie a i dnes jsou tradi\u010dn\u00ed horsk\u00e9 stezky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na pa\u0161er\u00e1ky drog. Ve t\u0159in\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, po vp\u00e1du \u010cingisch\u00e1na, byla cel\u00e1 zem\u011b dokonce zpusto\u0161ena a prakticky vylidn\u011bna.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I kdy\u017e tato kniha vypr\u00e1v\u00ed osudy lid\u00ed a zem\u011b z doby ned\u00e1vno minul\u00e9, nelze je nevn\u00edmat v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edch historick\u00fdch souvislostech.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pokusy o sjednocen\u00ed<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">P\u0159es ne zcela jednoduch\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed a mocensk\u00e9 vztahy uvnit\u0159 zem\u011b (co\u017e se projevilo zejm\u00e9na po smrti zakladatele Afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Ahmad\u0161\u00e1ha (+1773), kter\u00e9 vedly k rozpadu st\u00e1tu a ztr\u00e1t\u011b indick\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed, byla po celou dobu jasn\u00e1 snaha lidu i v\u011bt\u0161iny vl\u00e1dnouc\u00edch em\u00edr\u016f po vytvo\u0159en\u00ed jednotn\u00e9ho, siln\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Rozd\u011blenou zemi se poda\u0159ilo definitivn\u011b sjednotit a z\u00edskat pro ni nez\u00e1vislost teprve po\u010d\u00e1tkem dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch let tohoto stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nositelem sjednocovac\u00edch snah v 19. stolet\u00ed byl vl\u00e1dce jednoho ze \u010dty\u0159 kn\u00ed\u017eectv\u00ed (Her\u00e1t, K\u00e1bul, Kandah\u00e1r a Pe\u0161av\u00e1r), kter\u00e1 vznikla po rozpadu st\u00e1tu, k\u00e1bulsk\u00fd em\u00edr D\u00f3stmuhammad (1826-1863). V t\u00e9 dob\u011b se v pln\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e za\u010daly uplat\u0148ovat i snahy Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie o koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed podman\u011bn\u00ed Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu. V roce 1838 vypukla prvn\u00ed afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, kter\u00e1 skon\u010dila por\u00e1\u017ekou Angli\u010dan\u016f. D\u00f3stmuhammad si podmanil \u00fazem\u00ed na jih od \u0159eky Amudarja &#8211; Kandah\u00e1r (l855) a Her\u00e1t (1863). Druh\u00e1 afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka (1878-1880) a afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 krize v letech 1885-1886 p\u0159inesly zhor\u0161en\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho postaven\u00ed zem\u011b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 krize<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bylo jich v modern\u00edch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch zem\u011b n\u011bkolik, tato v\u0161ak byla prvn\u00ed. Byla vyvol\u00e1na ruskou a anglickou expanz\u00ed ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Asii a na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b. Po druh\u00e9 afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce se zem\u011b ocitla ve sf\u00e9\u0159e britsk\u00e9ho vlivu. V roce 1884 obsadily rusk\u00e9 jednotky kl\u00ed\u010dovou turkmensko-afgh\u00e1nskou pohrani\u010dn\u00ed o\u00e1zu Merv, a v b\u0159eznu 1885 porazily v bitv\u011b Afgh\u00e1nce. Britov\u00e9 se ob\u00e1vali dal\u0161\u00edho postupu rusk\u00fdch vojsk na K\u00e1bul, Her\u00e1t a Indii, proto se pokusili zorganizovat vojenskou akci v oblasti \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e. Vztahy byly napjat\u00e9 nejen mezi Velkou Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed a Ruskem, ale i mezi ostatn\u00edmi, tu v\u00edce tu m\u00e9n\u011b, zainteresovan\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. N\u011bmecko, Francie, Rakousko-Uhersko a It\u00e1lie zaujaly v\u016f\u010di snah\u00e1m Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie negativn\u00ed postoj, Turci odm\u00edtli s Angli\u010dany spolupracovat, a Lond\u00fdn se tak ocitl prakticky v izolaci. Rusov\u00e9 v\u0161ak nem\u011bli dostatek sil k dal\u0161\u00edmu postupu na jih, a snad ani necht\u011bli vyvolat v\u00e1lku, a tak krize skon\u010dila sm\u00edrem &#8211; vymezen\u00edm hranic. V\u011bt\u0161inu sporn\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed dostalo Rusko, a za &#8222;odm\u011bnu&#8220; uznalo p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed vliv Angli\u010dan\u016f v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V roce 1893 odtrhla Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie \u010d\u00e1st \u00fazem\u00ed obydlen\u00fdch &#8222;nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi&#8220; kmeny (rozum\u011bj &#8211; kmeny spolupracuj\u00edc\u00edmi a zcela z\u00e1visl\u00fdmi na anglick\u00fdch koloniz\u00e1torech), a vnutila K\u00e1bulu novou hranici s Indi\u00ed. Pres to v\u0161e pokra\u010dovaly snahy po vytvo\u0159en\u00ed centralizovan\u00e9ho Afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Za emir\u016f Abdrurrahm\u00e1na (1880-1901) a Hab\u00edbull\u00e1ha (1901-1919) vznikl jednotn\u00fd st\u00e1tn\u00ed apar\u00e1t a pravideln\u00e1 arm\u00e1da. Hnut\u00ed mladoafgh\u00e1nc\u016f, mlad\u00fdch vzd\u011blanc\u016f, usilovalo o osvobozen\u00ed vlastn\u00ed zem\u011b od britsk\u00e9ho vlivu, o proveden\u00ed reforem, kter\u00e9 by likvidovaly st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd feudalismus a uvolnily cestu ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed lidu. Zd\u00e1 se to z evropsk\u00e9ho pohledu neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9, ale nejen na p\u0159elomu devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, ale je\u0161t\u011b o \u0161edes\u00e1t &#8211; sedmdes\u00e1t let pozd\u011bji bylo bezm\u00e1la sto procent Afgh\u00e1nc\u016f negramotn\u00fdch!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Z\u00a0knihy: \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, T.: Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n &#8211; peklo paradox\u016f. Univerze, Praha, 1993<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3035,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[9],"tags":[54],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/197"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=197"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/197\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3174,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/197\/revisions\/3174"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=197"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=197"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=197"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}