{"id":198,"date":"2020-09-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-29T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2006\/08\/04\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-ii\/"},"modified":"2020-09-21T11:08:34","modified_gmt":"2020-09-21T09:08:34","slug":"afghanistan-peklo-paradox-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2020\/09\/30\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n &#8211; peklo paradox\u016f (II)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk, vl\u00e1da Talib\u00e1nu, jeho svr\u017een\u00ed, americk\u00e1 okupace. Kde jsou ko\u0159eny tohoto v\u00fdvoje?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-196\" style=\"width: 97px; height: 116px; margin: 5px; float: left;\" title=\"afganistan\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/08\/afganistan.jpg\" alt=\"afganistan\" width=\"100\" height=\"120\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u0159et\u00ed afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1919 se zd\u00e1la p\u0159\u00edhodn\u00e1 situace k vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed samostatnosti zem\u011b. Na tr\u016fn nastoupil v\u016fdce mladoafgh\u00e1nc\u016f, jist\u011b ne n\u00e1hodou naz\u00fdvan\u00fd osv\u00edcen\u00fdm, em\u00edr Am\u00e1null\u00e1h.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To bylo 28. \u00fanora 1919. Nev\u00e1hal proti Angli\u010dan\u016fm hledat podporu u tehdy velmi &#8222;mlad\u00e9ho&#8220; sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho Ruska, s n\u00edm\u017e v roce 1921 uzav\u0159el prvn\u00ed smlouvu o p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed. Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie se rozhodla proti nez\u00e1vislosti vystoupit silou. V\u00e1lka proti jen n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f existuj\u00edc\u00edmu nez\u00e1visl\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu za\u010dala 3. kv\u011btna. Anglick\u00e1 arm\u00e1da m\u011bla k dispozici 340 000 voj\u00e1k\u016f, Afgh\u00e1nci jen pouh\u00fdch 40 000. O technick\u00e9 p\u0159evaze net\u0159eba ani hovo\u0159it. Bylo jen logick\u00e9, \u017ee postup na K\u00e1bul z po\u010d\u00e1tku prob\u00edhal hladce. Na n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u00fasec\u00edch fronty v\u0161ak p\u0159esto p\u0159eb\u00edrali iniciativu Afgh\u00e1nci.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Koncem kv\u011btna se v t\u00fdlu nep\u0159\u00edtele vzbou\u0159ily pa\u0161t\u00fansk\u00e9 kmeny. V Indii, Persii, S\u00fdrii a dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch, z nich\u017e cht\u011bli Angli\u010dan\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it jak\u00e9si st\u0159edov\u00fdchodn\u00ed britsk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium, byl &#8222;neklid&#8220;. Lond\u00fdn musel svoje vojska p\u0159em\u00eds\u0165ovat, a vzd\u00e1t se sv\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f o vojensk\u00e9 likvidaci nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu. V Rav\u00e1lpind\u00ed byla 8. srpna 1919 podeps\u00e1na m\u00edrov\u00e1 smlouva, v n\u00ed\u017e Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie definitivn\u011b uznala afgh\u00e1nskou nez\u00e1vislost.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 nep\u0159inesly o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Emir Am\u00e1null\u00e1h byl svr\u017een v roce 1928, pot\u00e9, co v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu do\u0161lo k povst\u00e1n\u00ed. Po dobu sv\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy se v\u0161ak sna\u017eil o z\u00e1sadn\u00ed reformy v zemi. Byly vyd\u00e1ny z\u00e1kony o podpo\u0159e pr\u016fmyslu, obchodn\u00edch akciov\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, o \u00fapln\u00e9m soukrom\u00e9m vlastnictv\u00ed, koupi a prodeji p\u016fdy. Vl\u00e1da zru\u0161ila vnit\u0159n\u00ed cla, zak\u00e1zala trh s otroky. V roce 1923 byla p\u0159ijata prvn\u00ed \u00fastava, kter\u00e1 vyhla\u0161ovala rovnost v\u0161ech ob\u010dan\u016f i jin\u00e1 demokratick\u00e1 pr\u00e1va. Am\u00e1null\u00e1h se pokou\u0161el pos\u00edlit \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed moc a t\u00edm podlomit dosud trvaj\u00edc\u00ed vliv v\u016fdc\u016f ko\u010dovn\u00fdch kmen\u016f (ch\u00e1n\u016f) a muslimsk\u00e9ho duchovenstva (mull\u016f).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ch\u00e1n\u016fm se logicky nel\u00edbilo, \u017ee ztratili pr\u00e1vo vyb\u00edrat dan\u011b, a duchovenstvo nebylo spokojeno s t\u00edm, \u017ee ztr\u00e1celo monopol na soudnictv\u00ed a v\u00fdchovu. Tak jako o pades\u00e1t let pozd\u011bji, i ve dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch letech osv\u00edcen\u00fd em\u00edr Am\u00e1null\u00e1h p\u0159ecenil ochotu, a hlavn\u011b schopnost zaostal\u00fdch Afgh\u00e1nc\u016f p\u0159ijmout zm\u011bny ve spole\u010dnosti. Tradice byla p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00e1, vliv isl\u00e1mu fakticky nekone\u010dn\u00fd. Nav\u00edc roln\u00edci byli siln\u011b nespokojeni s dan\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly pomoci industrializaci zem\u011b. Vyvolat povst\u00e1n\u00ed nebyl pro duchovn\u00ed a ch\u00e1ny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Z\u00a0knihy: \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, T.: Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n &#8211; peklo paradox\u016f. Univerze, Praha, 1993<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3035,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[9],"tags":[54],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=198"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3172,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198\/revisions\/3172"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}