{"id":199,"date":"2020-10-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-11T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2006\/08\/07\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-iii\/"},"modified":"2020-10-05T19:36:40","modified_gmt":"2020-10-05T17:36:40","slug":"afghanistan-peklo-paradox-iii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2020\/10\/12\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n &#8211; peklo paradox\u016f (III)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk, vl\u00e1da Talib\u00e1nu, jeho svr\u017een\u00ed, americk\u00e1 okupace. Kde jsou ko\u0159eny tohoto v\u00fdvoje?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-196\" style=\"width: 108px; height: 125px; margin: 5px; float: left;\" title=\"afganistan\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/08\/afganistan.jpg\" alt=\"afganistan\" width=\"103\" height=\"120\" \/>Rok zmatk\u016f, ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V \u0159\u00edjnu 1929 se prohl\u00e1sil kr\u00e1lem b\u00fdval\u00fd ministr v\u00e1lky M. N\u00e1dir. Po dvou letech byla p\u0159ijata nov\u00e1 \u00fastava, kter\u00e1 sice kodifikovala z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed prvn\u00edch parlamentn\u00edch instituc\u00ed (Lidov\u00e9 rady &#8211; D\u017eirgy), kter\u00e9 m\u011bly poradn\u00ed funkce, ale tak\u00e9 vr\u00e1tila v\u0161echna privilegia ch\u00e1n\u016fm a muslimsk\u00fdm duchovn\u00edm. V Lidov\u00e9 rad\u011b si zajistili nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed moc bohat\u00ed obchodn\u00ed \u010di. N\u00e1dir se jim z\u0159ejm\u011b jevil, p\u0159es negaci p\u0159edchoz\u00edho demokratick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje, jako p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pokrokov\u00fd, proto skon\u010dil stejn\u011b, jako mnoz\u00ed jin\u00ed v\u016fdci v t\u00e9to zemi. Byl v listopadu 1933 zavra\u017ed\u011bn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kr\u00e1lem se stal M. Z\u00e1hir, kter\u00fd byl u moci a\u017e do p\u0159evratu v roce 1973.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Od st\u0159edov\u011bku do 20. stolet\u00ed. Muhammad Z\u00e1hir ponechal v podstat\u011b volnost v jedn\u00e1n\u00ed ch\u00e1n\u016fm, bohat\u00fdm kupc\u016fm a statk\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, a nebylo divu, \u017ee se jejich moc upev\u0148ovala. Tito lid\u00e9 a ani muslim\u0161t\u00ed duchovn\u00ed nem\u011bli z\u00e1jem na rychl\u00e9 modernizaci zem\u011b, ani na odstran\u011bn\u00ed negramotnosti obyvatel. V zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice si udr\u017eoval Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n neutralitu, a kr\u00e1l i st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed se vl\u00e1dy se sna\u017eili udr\u017eovat p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 kontakty se sv\u00fdm nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sousedem &#8211; Sov\u011btsk\u00fdm svazem. Situace v zemi byla nem\u011bnn\u00e1, bez ohledu na to, co se d\u011blo ve sv\u011bt\u011b. Ani druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka a por\u00e1\u017eka fa\u0161istick\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka nic na &#8222;poklidn\u00e9m&#8220; \u017eivot\u011b zem\u011b nezm\u011bnila.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Oddanost isl\u00e1mu, tradi\u010dn\u00ed dobrovoln\u00e9 pod\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed se bohat\u00fdm a mocn\u00fdm, a &#8222;horal-sk\u00e1&#8220; skromnost nevedly Afgh\u00e1nce k revolt\u011b proti kr\u00e1li a vl\u00e1d\u011b, a to i v dob\u00e1ch hospod\u00e1\u0159sky velmi slo\u017eit\u00fdch. Ko\u010dovn\u00edci a roln\u00edci d\u0159eli d\u00e1l na ch\u00e1ny a statk\u00e1\u0159e, obchodn\u00edci se museli pod\u0159\u00eddit monopoln\u00edmu postaven\u00ed bohat\u00fdch kupc\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00edc\u00edch spole\u010dnost\u00ed &#8211; \u0160irkety, je\u017e prakticky rozhodovaly o byt\u00ed a nebyt\u00ed v\u0161ech, kdo cht\u011bli na trhu prod\u00e1vat. Teprve v roce 1953 si hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 t\u011b\u017ekosti zem\u011b, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm politick\u00fd &#8222;ruch&#8220; v ostatn\u00edch zem\u00edch Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho a St\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu (\u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e1 krize 1951 &#8211; 1952, p\u0159evrat v Egypt\u011b v \u010dervenci 1952, vynutily n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny. Byl jmenov\u00e1n nov\u00fd premi\u00e9r M. D\u00e1wud, kter\u00fd vyhl\u00e1sil program \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 ekonomiky. Spo\u010d\u00edval v syst\u00e9mu rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch st\u00e1tn\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f do hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u017eivota zem\u011b. V roce 1956 do\u0161lo na realizaci prvn\u00edho a v roce 1961 druh\u00e9ho p\u011btilet\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu. To v\u0161e v zemi s klasickou konstitu\u010dn\u00ed monarchi\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Snahou nov\u00e9ho premi\u00e9ra bylo nejen vytvo\u0159it podm\u00ednky pro roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, dopravn\u00ed a energetick\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eni tradi\u010dn\u00edho zavla\u017eovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, atp., ale i pro \u0161kolstv\u00ed a obecn\u011b pak &#8211; pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u00e1wud v\u011bnoval zna\u010dnou pozornost ekonomick\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m a tak\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice. Dbal na zachov\u00e1n\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti a neutrality zem\u011b. V jeho snaze jej podporoval i SSSR, jeho\u017e pod\u00edl na zm\u011bn\u00e1ch v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu byl ze v\u0161ech zemi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed &#8211; n\u011bkter\u00e9 zdroje uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed 58 %, jin\u00e9 v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 %. Premi\u00e9r sv\u00e9, bezesporu z\u00e1slu\u017en\u00e9 snahy o p\u0159eveden\u00ed zem\u011b od st\u0159edov\u011bku do modern\u00edho 20. stolet\u00ed, nep\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eel politick\u00fdmi reformami. Z tohoto pohledu se v zemi nic nezm\u011bnilo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K dal\u0161\u00edmu pozitivn\u00edmu posunu do\u0161lo v roce 1963 (premi\u00e9rem se stal M. J\u00fasuf) a o dva roky pozd\u011bji, kdy byla p\u0159ijata pom\u011brn\u011b liber\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastava, kter\u00e1 omezovala pravomoci kr\u00e1le, sl\u00edbila demokratick\u00e9 svobody a z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00e1 pr\u00e1va dvoukomorov\u00e9mu parlamentu (do t\u00e9 doby m\u011bl parlament pouze poradn\u00ed funkce). Na podzim 1965 byly v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu prvn\u00ed parlamentn\u00ed volby, ov\u0161em bez \u00fa\u010dasti politick\u00fdch stran, by\u0165 n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z jejich \u010deln\u00fdch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f se ji\u017e v roce 1965 do parlamentu dostali. Prvn\u00edmi opozi\u010dn\u00edmi poslanci se stali B. Karmal, N.A. Pand\u017eavai &#8211; Nura, R. Ratebsada a Fajsan-al-H\u00e1k. Z nesporn\u00e9ho, by\u0165 mal\u00e9ho \u00fasp\u011bchu, vyvodili v\u016fdci stran velik\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9, a tedy chybn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry. Lidov\u00e1 demokratick\u00e1 strana Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, o 13 let pozd\u011bji stoj\u00edc\u00ed v \u010dele revolu\u010dn\u00edho zvratu, v dob\u011b voleb v\u0161ak v hlubok\u00e9 ilegalit\u011b, p\u0159edstavovala samu sebe jako vedouc\u00ed s\u00edlu protifeud\u00e1ln\u00edho boje. V\u00fdsledky voleb ukazovaly v\u00edce ne\u017e jasn\u011b, \u017ee na vedouc\u00ed \u00falohu, &#8222;danou&#8220; dokonce programem strany, si LDSA nem\u016f\u017ee je\u0161t\u011b dlouho d\u011blat n\u00e1roky. Zat\u00edm byla jen jednou z perspektivn\u00edch opozi\u010dn\u00edch sil. Proto\u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj v LDSA jednozna\u010dn\u011b ovlivnil budoucnost Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, pod\u00edvejme se podrobn\u011bji na to, co se uvnit\u0159 strany odehr\u00e1valo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Opozice m\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vlastnost: a\u0165 jakkoli v nev\u00fdhod\u011b, jakkoli zd\u00e1nliv\u011b bezmocn\u00e1 a zatla\u010den\u00e1 mocenskou a pozi\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159evahou vl\u00e1dnouc\u00edch vrstev, ned\u00e1 se odstranit. Prost\u011b existuje. Nejde o nic jin\u00e9ho, ne\u017e o b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed z\u00e1kon\u016f dialektiky. A plat\u00ed to i o Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00e1 l\u00e9ta byla obdob\u00edm, v n\u011bm\u017e se v \u0159ad\u00e1ch nepo\u010detn\u00e9 afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 inteligence, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak byla ke spr\u00e1v\u011b i zaostal\u00e9ho a primitivn\u00edho st\u00e1tu nezbytn\u00e1, vytvo\u0159ilo n\u011bkolik opozi\u010dn\u00edch skupin. Zat\u00edm rozdroben\u00fdch do krou\u017ek\u016f, skupin a st\u0159edisek, \u0159ekn\u011bme duchovn\u00edho odporu. Mezi p\u0159edstaviteli opozice jsou lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed o sob\u011b pozd\u011bji prohl\u00e1s\u00ed, \u017ee &#8222;do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry znali marxismus-leninismus&#8220;. T\u011b\u017eko odhadovat, jak dalece hovo\u0159ili pravdu, ale je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee v t\u011bsn\u00e9m sousedstv\u00ed Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu, do intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edho, antifeud\u00e1ln\u011b a protiimperialisticky lad\u011bn\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed marxismus-leninismus v jist\u00e9m stupni a m\u00ed\u0159e pronikl.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Z\u00a0knihy: \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, T.: Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n &#8211; peklo paradox\u016f. Univerze, Praha, 1993<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3035,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8,9],"tags":[54],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/199"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=199"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/199\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3193,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/199\/revisions\/3193"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=199"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=199"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=199"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}