{"id":1993,"date":"2013-01-31T21:52:24","date_gmt":"2013-01-31T20:52:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2013\/01\/31\/zem-a-symboly-2\/"},"modified":"2013-01-31T21:52:24","modified_gmt":"2013-01-31T20:52:24","slug":"zem-a-symboly-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2013\/01\/31\/zem-a-symboly-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Zem\u011b a symboly (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"john-bull\"V symbolick\u00fdch postav\u00e1ch \u2014 hrdinn\u00fdch nebo komick\u00fdch a n\u011bkdy i satirick\u00fdch \u2014 jsou \u010dasto zt\u011blesn\u011bny nejenom charaktery jednotlivc\u016f, ale i rysy n\u00e1rod\u016f, st\u00e1t\u016f  jej\u00edch politick\u00e9ho z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Tyto postavy vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed lid, spisovatel \u010di mal\u00ed\u0159. Stalo se u\u017e tradic\u00ed mnoha zem\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et sv\u00e9 typick\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed postavy. Jedn\u00edm z nich je Johna Bull.<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy Johna Bulla<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tlust\u00fd Angli\u010dan s licousy, v cylindru se stuhou z britsk\u00e9 vlajky \u2014 to je klasick\u00fd John Bull. Je mnohem mlad\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u017eena ve frygick\u00e9 \u010dapce. Nejd\u0159\u00edve se objevil v pamfletech z roku 1712. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee jejich autorem byl p\u0159\u00edtel Jonathana Swifta v\u011bdec Arbnthnot. Ale prosl\u00fdch\u00e1 se, \u017ee se John Bull objevil v anglick\u00e9m satirick\u00e9m folkl\u00f3ru u\u017e d\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n

Bull znamen\u00e1 v angli\u010dtin\u011b b\u00fdk. V jeho charakteru se prol\u00edn\u00e1 mazanost s prostomyslnost\u00ed, naivita se zdrav\u00fdm rozumem, cti\u017e\u00e1dost se skromnost\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se mu uk\u0159ivdilo, zah\u00e1jil nepromy\u0161len\u00fd soudn\u00ed proces (v\u00e1lka o d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9). Podv\u00e1d\u011bl jej mazan\u00fd advok\u00e1t (v\u00e9voda Marlborough, velitel britsk\u00fdch sil na evropsk\u00e9m kontinent\u011b, kter\u00fd pr\u00fd vyt\u011b\u017eil z v\u00e1lky tu\u010dn\u00e9 sumy). Dobromysln\u00e9ho tlou\u0161t\u00edka t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o\u017eebra\u010dila hloupost a fanfaronstv\u00ed jeho man\u017eelky (vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed skupina whig\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed tou\u017eili po pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed ve v\u00e1lce a zachr\u00e1nila ho druh\u00e1 man\u017eelka (v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed tory\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se do\u017eadovali m\u00edru s Franci\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Podobenstv\u00ed o Johnu Bullovi se mnohokr\u00e1t propracov\u00e1valo a dopl\u0148ovalo stejn\u011b jako charakter tohoto alegorick\u00e9ho hrdiny. N\u011bkdy se bohat\u00fd Brit stav\u011bl do protikladu s \u017eebr\u00e1ck\u00fdm francouzsk\u00fdm dobrodruhem \u201emal\u00fdm Bonniem“ \u2014 Napoleonem. U Thackeraye je Bull bohat\u00fd venkovan, zabran\u00fd do sv\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 d\u016fv\u011b\u0159iv\u00fd v rodinn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Jin\u00fd Thackeray\u016fv hrdina, p\u0159evzat\u00fd z t\u00fdch\u017e pamflet\u016f z roku 1712, \u010dipern\u00fd lond\u00fdnsk\u00fd \u0161ibal, se to\u010d\u00ed kolem Bullovy lehkomysln\u00e9 man\u017eelky a Bulla okr\u00e1d\u00e1.<\/p>\n

V anglick\u00e9 karikatu\u0159e se Bull objevuje v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch podob\u00e1ch, nejenom ve star\u00e9 symbolick\u00e9 podob\u011b b\u00fdka. P\u0159ipodob\u0148uje se i k velryb\u011b, kter\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad spolkla mal\u00e9ho \u201eBonnieho“. Buldok, kter\u00fd kdysi sed\u00e1val u nohou m\u011b\u0161\u0165\u00e1ka Bulla, jej te\u010f n\u011bkdy zt\u011bles\u0148uje s\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

V letech druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se tato postava demokratizuje. Optimistick\u00fd mu\u017e s leskl\u00fdm cylindrem je \u0159idi\u010dem n\u00e1kladn\u00edho vozu, kter\u00fd zachra\u0148uje evropsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody p\u0159ed fa\u0161ismem. A p\u0159esto nejobvyklej\u0161\u00ed postavou pro sv\u011btov\u00fd tisk z\u016fstal John Bull jako bohat\u00fd m\u011b\u0161\u0165\u00e1k, kapitalista, koloniz\u00e1tor.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V symbolick\u00fdch postav\u00e1ch \u2014 hrdinn\u00fdch nebo komick\u00fdch a n\u011bkdy i satirick\u00fdch \u2014 jsou \u010dasto zt\u011blesn\u011bny nejenom charaktery jednotlivc\u016f, ale i<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1992,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[6],"tags":[79],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1993"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1993"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1993\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1992"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1993"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}