{"id":200,"date":"2020-11-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-27T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2006\/08\/11\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-iv\/"},"modified":"2020-12-28T21:10:25","modified_gmt":"2020-12-28T20:10:25","slug":"afghanistan-peklo-paradox-iv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2020\/11\/28\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-iv\/","title":{"rendered":"Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n – peklo paradox\u016f (IV)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk, vl\u00e1da Talib\u00e1nu, jeho svr\u017een\u00ed, americk\u00e1 okupace. Kde jsou ko\u0159eny tohoto v\u00fdvoje?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"afganistan\"<\/p>\n

Lidov\u00e1 demokratick\u00e1 strana Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jsou ur\u010dit\u011b osudov\u00e9 chv\u00edle, ve kter\u00fdch se v \u017eivot\u011b toho nebo jin\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda setk\u00e1me se spisovateli.<\/p>\n

Zn\u00e1me to dob\u0159e z \u010ceskoslovenska, z obdob\u00ed kolem p\u0159evratu v roce 1989, ale i z 19. stolet\u00ed a tak\u00e9 z jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Jeto v podstat\u011b v\u00fdsledek toho, \u017ee pokrokov\u00fdm sil\u00e1m (nebo\u0165 ty v\u011bt\u0161inou maj\u00ed z\u00e1jem na z\u00e1sadn\u00edch, ve prosp\u011bch lidu p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch, zm\u011bn\u00e1ch) chyb\u011bj\u00ed profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed politici. Nahrazuj\u00ed je lid\u00e9 schopn\u00ed pochopit samu podstatu pohyb\u016f ve spole\u010dnosti. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f jsou to spisovatel\u00e9. K obdobn\u00e9 situaci do\u0161lo i v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu v \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch letech 20. stolet\u00ed. Literatura zauj\u00edmala ve spole\u010densk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b t\u00e9to zem\u011b od 13. stolet\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 m\u00edsto a sehr\u00e1la svou \u00falohu i ve v\u00fdvoji isl\u00e1msk\u00fdch literatur. \u017del, do \u010cech a Evropy v\u016fbec se dostala jen v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b, a a\u017e snad na n\u011bkolik odborn\u00edk\u016f o n\u00ed vesm\u011bs Evropan\u00e9 v\u011bd\u00ed jen opravdu velmi m\u00e1lo.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1\u017enost, \u010di – pov\u011bzme – tradi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1\u017enost, ji\u017e si afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed za stalet\u00ed vyslou\u017eilo, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161ovala \u0161ance spisovatel\u016f \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch let soust\u0159edit kolem sebe v\u0161echny pokrokov\u011b a revolu\u010dn\u011b nalad\u011bn\u00e9 intelektu\u00e1ly tehdej\u0161\u00ed afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. V roce 1963 se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed j\u00e1dro organizace politick\u00e9 strany – Jednotn\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed fronty Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu (JNFA), kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1hali vytvo\u0159it spisovatel N. M. Tarak\u00ed, minister\u0161t\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci B. Karmal a \u0160. M. Dos, d\u016fstojn\u00edci M. A. Chajbr (Kchiber) a M. T. Badach\u0161i a \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch. Po necel\u00fdch dvou letech se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee provizorn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 voln\u00e1 a nez\u00e1vazn\u00e1, organizace „fronty“ nem\u016f\u017ee vyhovovat podm\u00ednk\u00e1m politick\u00e9ho boje, kter\u00fd se st\u00e1le zost\u0159oval. A tak byla 1. ledna 1965 zalo\u017eena Lidov\u00e1 demokratick\u00e1 strana Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu (LDSA), ur\u010deny jej\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00ed struktury, projedn\u00e1n politick\u00fd program, c\u00edle a \u00fakoly LDSA a zvolen \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed v\u00fdbor. (Afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fd pramen neur\u010den\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, ale dokonale informovan\u00fd, uv\u00e1d\u00ed: „Na prvn\u00edm pl\u00e9nu \u00daV LDSA za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti v\u0161ech deleg\u00e1t\u016f sjezdu byl zvolen gener\u00e1ln\u00edm tajemn\u00edkem N\u00far Muhammad Tarak\u00ed a Babrak Karmal tajemn\u00edkem. \u00daV tvo\u0159\u00ed 7 \u010dlen\u016f (N.M. Tarak\u00ed, B.Karmal, S. A. Ka\u00e1mand, S.M. Zeraj, G.D. Pnd\u017eSeri, M.T. BadachS, \u0160.\u0160achpar) a \u010cty\u0159i kandid\u00e1ti (\u0160.Bab, K.Misak, MZacher, AV.Safi).<\/p>\n

Program dotvo\u0159ili v Moskv\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n

Strana za\u010dala, v prvn\u00edm obdob\u00ed nepravideln\u011b, vyd\u00e1vat sv\u016fj \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed \u010dasopis. Jmenoval se Halk (tj. N\u00e1rod). V dubnu 1966 vn\u011bm byl zve\u0159ejn\u011bn politicky vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd Program LDSA. Snad by se dal ozna\u010dit i jako um\u00edrn\u011bn\u011b re\u00e1ln\u00fd. Ne\u0161el daleko, rozhodn\u011b ne d\u00e1l, ne\u017e v dan\u00e9m obdob\u00ed bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 postoupit. I z toho je vid\u011bt, \u017ee v za\u010d\u00e1tku byla afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e1 revoluce skute\u010dn\u011b jen vnit\u0159n\u00ed afgh\u00e1nskou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed a vych\u00e1zela ze znalost\u00ed vlastn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f, pot\u0159eb a mo\u017enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Program zahrnoval boj proti imperialismu a feud\u00e1ln\u00edmu z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a odm\u00edtal jak\u00e9koli sekt\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b byla LDSA, jak se m\u00f3dn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, „otev\u0159enou“ stranou, kter\u00e1 cht\u011bla kolem sebe soust\u0159edit v\u0161echny pokrokov\u00e9 s\u00edly a tak\u00e9 vyhov\u011bt jejich opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fdm soci\u00e1ln\u00edm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1rodn\u00ed a demokratick\u00e9 revoluce. Jako c\u00edl si ur\u010dila p\u0159evz\u00edt politickou moc avytvo\u0159it st\u00e1t pracuj\u00edc\u00edch, uskute\u010dnit soci\u00e1ln\u00ed reformy, s jejich\u017e pomoc\u00ed by se p\u0159ekonala zaostalost Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, a zajistit dal\u0161\u00ed rozvoj spole\u010dnosti. A\u017e sem bylo v\u0161echno v po\u0159\u00e1dku.<\/p>\n

Kdyby v programu nebyl ur\u010den jako kone\u010dn\u00fd c\u00edl: „Vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed socialistick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti na z\u00e1klad\u011b tv\u016fr\u010d\u00edho uplatn\u011bn\u00ed obecn\u00fdch revolu\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1konitost\u00ed marxismu – leninismu v n\u00e1rodn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.“<\/p>\n

Tato slova nevznikla p\u0159i intelektu\u00e1lsk\u00fdch debat\u00e1ch k\u00e1bulsk\u00fdch kav\u00e1ren, ale v prachu \u00fa\u0159adoven na moskevsk\u00e9m Star\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed, kde m\u011bla s\u00eddlo Komunistick\u00e1 strana Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu. Jejich nere\u00e1lnost vylekala, ne-li odpudila \u0159adu p\u0159irozen\u00fdch stoupenc\u016f a spojenc\u016f n\u00e1rodn\u00ed a demokratick\u00e9 revoluce. Zn\u011bla jim cize, nesrozumiteln\u011b, nep\u0159\u00e1telsky. Neznamenala nic v\u00edc a nic m\u00e9n\u011b, ne\u017e fikci skoku rovn\u00fdma nohama zran\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku do rozvinut\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu zbyrokratizovan\u00fdch stranick\u00fdch apar\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n

Ne nadarmo pob\u00fdval B. Karmal \u010dasto v Moskv\u011b a v Praze, kde byl ideologicky zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n na tajn\u00fdch stranick\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Ne nadarmo pro\u0161el v\u00fdchovou \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 rozv\u011bdky jako tzv. vlivov\u00fd agent na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni. Je to jasn\u00e9, posledn\u00ed odstavec do programu LDSA nebyl veps\u00e1n proto, aby uspokojil pot\u0159eby afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, ale aby se l\u00edbil v moskevsk\u00fdch kancel\u00e1\u0159\u00edch, v nich\u017e „myslel“ ideolog M. A. Suslov a jeho pomocn\u00edci. (Po \u010dase se stali „architekty perestrojky“ a pozd\u011bji prohl\u00e1s\u00ed, \u017ee „komunistick\u00e1 strana je u\u017e nereformovateln\u00e1“ a utekla od toho, co pom\u00e1hali sv\u00fdmi byrokratick\u00fdmi mozky rozkl\u00e1dat. Hled\u00e1me-li po\u010d\u00e1tky dlouholet\u00e9 trag\u00e9die afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho lidu, potom ne v tajn\u00fdch spisech KGB nebo GRU, ale v posledn\u00edm odstavci programov\u00e9ho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed LDSA.)<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b<\/em><\/p>\n

Z\u00a0knihy: \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, T.: Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n – peklo paradox\u016f. Univerze, Praha, 1993<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3035,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8,9],"tags":[54],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/200"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=200"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/200\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3225,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/200\/revisions\/3225"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=200"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=200"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=200"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}