{"id":203,"date":"2021-01-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-17T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2006\/08\/22\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-vii\/"},"modified":"2020-12-28T23:38:12","modified_gmt":"2020-12-28T22:38:12","slug":"afghanistan-peklo-paradox-vii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2021\/01\/18\/afghanistan-peklo-paradox-vii\/","title":{"rendered":"Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n &#8211; peklo paradox\u016f (VII)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk, vl\u00e1da Talib\u00e1nu, jeho svr\u017een\u00ed, americk\u00e1 okupace. Kde jsou ko\u0159eny tohoto v\u00fdvoje?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><!--more--><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-196\" style=\"width: 101px; height: 132px; margin: 5px; float: left;\" title=\"afganistan\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2006\/08\/afganistan.jpg\" alt=\"afganistan\" width=\"92\" height=\"120\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Halkist\u00e9 a par\u010damist\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na podzim roku 1966 opustil B. Karmal se sv\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eenci \u00daV LDSA, zalo\u017eil nov\u00fd list zvan\u00fd Par\u010dam (tzn. Prapor) a stranu, do jej\u00edho\u017e \u010dela se postavil, nazval LDSA &#8211; strana v\u0161ech pracuj\u00edc\u00edch. Stoupenci Tarakiho se pojmenovali LDSA &#8211; avantgarda d\u011blnick\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy a lid\u00e9 je naz\u00fdvali podle den\u00edku, kter\u00fd tato strana vyd\u00e1vala, Halk (tzn. Lid), tedy halkist\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vznikla paradoxn\u00ed situace. Vytvo\u0159ily se dv\u011b strany se stejn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem (mimochodem jedna druh\u00e9 vy\u010d\u00edtala, \u017ee nem\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo u\u017e\u00edvat tento n\u00e1zev), m\u011bly stejn\u00fd program, shodn\u00e9 stanovy, v podstat\u011b stejn\u00e9 operativn\u00ed a taktick\u00e9 metody i strategick\u00e9 c\u00edle. Jejich p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 necht\u011bli pochopit, \u017ee pro pokrokov\u00e9 a revolu\u010dn\u00ed hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se m\u016f\u017ee pochlubit pouze \u010dty\u0159mi poslanci v jedn\u00e9 z \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed dvoukomorov\u00e9ho parlamentu, je roz\u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed na dv\u011b organiza\u010dn\u00ed struktury, vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch list\u016f, a to v\u0161e v prost\u0159ed\u00ed monarchistick\u00e9 diktatury a n\u00edzk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b pracuj\u00edc\u00edch mas, pon\u011bkud nem\u00edstn\u00fd politick\u00fd luxus.<\/p>\n<p>V z\u00e1kladech rozkolu strany byly v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 prvky soci\u00e1ln\u00edch a etnick\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f. Halkist\u00e9 shroma\u017e\u010fovali ve sv\u00fdch \u0159ad\u00e1ch p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm lidi z periferie (obrazn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno). Byli tu mal\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00edci, poloprolet\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u017eivly, zem\u011bd\u011blci, ko\u010dovn\u00edci, drobn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci, ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci. Tlak \u010dlensk\u00e9 masy prom\u011bnil halkisty v aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a s lidem pevn\u011bji spojenou \u010d\u00e1st strany, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla t\u011bsn\u00e9 vztahy k demokratick\u00fdm sil\u00e1m ve spole\u010dnosti. Do strany vstupovali st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci, p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci \u0159\u00eddce zastoupen\u00e9, ale p\u0159ece jen vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011bdeckotechnick\u00e9 inteligence. Nen\u00ed jist\u011b bez zaj\u00edmavosti, \u017ee z d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f se k halkist\u016fm p\u0159idali p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ti, kte\u0159\u00ed museli b\u00fdt nejvzd\u011blan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed velitel\u00e9 letectva a tankov\u00fdch vojsk.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Halkist\u00e9 se pokl\u00e1dali za skute\u010dn\u00e9 revolucion\u00e1\u0159e, a pro par\u010damisty nem\u011bli jin\u00fd n\u00e1zev, ne\u017e agenti bur\u017eoazie. Snad to bylo i t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina halkist\u016f byla absolventy moskevsk\u00fdch stranick\u00fdch \u0161kol. P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ela tedy sebou do mlad\u00e9ho revolu\u010dn\u00edho hnut\u00ed to nejhor\u0161\u00ed, co p\u0159in\u00e9st mohla: Byrokratizovan\u00e9, talmudistick\u00e9 pojet\u00ed stranick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Syst\u00e9m &#8222;ideologick\u00fdch n\u00e1lepek&#8220;, podle n\u011bho\u017e se ten \u010di onen dost\u00e1val snadno nahoru po stranick\u00e9m \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku, bez ohledu na to, zda m\u00e1 \u010di nem\u00e1 schopnosti.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Po\u010d\u00e1tek bratrovra\u017eedn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zjistilo se, \u017ee stranick\u00e9 a vojensk\u00e9 \u0161koly v Sov\u011btsk\u00e9m svazu a v zem\u00edch socialistick\u00e9ho t\u00e1bora m\u011bly na sv\u00e9 absolventy rozd\u00edln\u00fd vliv. Tak 65,6% absolvent\u016f sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vysok\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch \u0161kol (hodnost podplukovn\u00edk, plukovn\u00edk afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy) p\u0159i anonymn\u00edm sociologick\u00e9m pr\u016fzkumu se vyj\u00e1d\u0159ilo tak, \u017ee vstup Sov\u011btsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy do Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu byl nezbytnou internacion\u00e1ln\u00ed pomoc\u00ed (v\u00fdzkum byl prov\u00e1d\u011bn mimo \u00fazem\u00ed SSSR). D\u00e1le 11,5 % dot\u00e1zan\u00fdch se vyj\u00e1d\u0159ilo, \u017ee vstup sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk situaci v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu &#8222;sp\u00ed\u0161e zhor\u0161il&#8220;. Pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fd po\u010det respondent\u016f, 22,3% se nevyj\u00e1d\u0159il a pouze 0,6 % respondent\u016f pova\u017eoval vstup vojsk za &#8222;po\u010d\u00e1tek bratrovra\u017eedn\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kter\u00e1 by bez Sov\u011bt\u016f nevznikla&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed skupinou byli plukovn\u00edci a podplukovn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed absolvovali Vojenskou akademii Anton\u00edna Z\u00e1potock\u00e9ho v Brn\u011b. P\u0159ehled jejich odpov\u011bd\u00ed vypad\u00e1 n\u00e1sledovn\u011b: Za internacion\u00e1ln\u00ed pomoc pova\u017eovalo vstup Sov\u011btsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy do Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu 35,5 %. Sp\u00ed\u0161e zhor\u0161en\u00ed situace vstupem sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk zhodnotilo 27,2 %, nevyj\u00e1d\u0159ilo se 15,5 % a za po\u010d\u00e1tek bratrovra\u017eedn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kter\u00e1 by bez Sov\u011bt\u016f nevznikl a, ozna\u010dilo tento vstup 21,8% dot\u00e1zan\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tedy vliv, kter\u00fd m\u011bly na afgh\u00e1nsk\u00e9 d\u016fstojn\u00edky r\u016fzn\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed \u0161koly, nebyl rozhodn\u011b jednozna\u010dn\u00fd, patrn\u011b i v\u00fdb\u011br afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fdch k\u00e1drov\u00fdch velitel\u016f byl rozd\u00edln\u00fd, a u\u017e v n\u011bm se odr\u00e1\u017eely hloubky rozpor\u016f v socialistick\u00e9m spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Z\u00a0knihy: \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, T.: Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n &#8211; peklo paradox\u016f. Univerze, Praha, 1993<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 denn\u011b ji\u017e od konce 70. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Revoluce, 10 let p\u016fsoben\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3035,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8,9],"tags":[54],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/203"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=203"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/203\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3234,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/203\/revisions\/3234"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}