{"id":2193,"date":"2015-01-20T13:38:41","date_gmt":"2015-01-20T12:38:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/01\/20\/myty-a-pravda-o-blokad-leningradu\/"},"modified":"2020-03-20T23:04:32","modified_gmt":"2020-03-20T22:04:32","slug":"myty-a-pravda-o-blokad-leningradu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/01\/20\/myty-a-pravda-o-blokad-leningradu\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fdty a pravda o blok\u00e1d\u011b Leningradu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"blokadaOble\u017een\u00ed Leningradu<\/em> za druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky pat\u0159i k nejpohnut\u011bj\u0161\u00edm\u00a0 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016fm druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Nen\u00ed proto p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm, \u017ee i zde je snaha\u00a0 po\u0161pinit pam\u00e1tku tis\u00edc\u016f padl\u00fdch.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V\u0161e sm\u011b\u0159uje k tomu, \u017ee k takov\u00fdm ob\u011btem nemuselo doj\u00edt, pokud by sov\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed v\u016fdci nenutili obyvatelstvo k nesmysln\u00e9 obran\u011b a hladov\u011bn\u00ed a nechali m\u011bsto rad\u011bji obsadit n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi vojsky. Takto nastal hladomor, zat\u00edmco komunisti\u010dt\u00ed v\u016fdci se pr\u00fd p\u0159ecp\u00e1vali j\u00eddlem.<\/p>\n

Nebylo by lep\u0161\u00ed vydat Leningrad N\u011bmc\u016fm?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pod\u00edvejme se do v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho den\u00edku (Kriegstagebuch) n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edka Gener\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0161t\u00e1bu velen\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fdch pozemn\u00edch vojsk (Oberkommando des Heeres \/ OKH) Franze Haldera (1), kde je dne 8.7.1941 jasn\u011b uvedeno, jak\u00fd osud \u010dek\u00e1 obyvatele Moskvy a Leningradu podle Hitlerova rozkazu.<\/p>\n

\"P1040055\"<\/p>\n

Jeho pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd Alfred Jodl (2), n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk operativn\u00edho odd\u011bleni velen\u00ed pozemn\u00edch vojsk 07.10.1941 hl\u00e1sil poln\u00edmu mar\u0161\u00e1lu Waltheru von Brauchitsch: „kapitulace Leningradu, a pozd\u011bji Moskvy by nem\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata, i kdy\u017e by byla nab\u00eddnuta nep\u0159\u00edtelem … Nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 krmit jejich obyvatelstvo na \u00fa\u010det n\u011bmeck\u00e9 vlasti.“<\/em><\/p>\n

Veden\u00ed nacistick\u00e9 strany, stejn\u011b jako veden\u00ed wehrmachtu, vych\u00e1zelo z toho, \u017ee s rychl\u00fdm postupem se t\u0159\u00edmili\u00f3nov\u00e1 n\u011bmeck\u00e1 arm\u00e1da brzy vzd\u00e1l\u00ed od sv\u00fdch potravinov\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen. Vzhledem k omezen\u00fdm potravinov\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm SSSR panoval v Berl\u00edn\u011b v kv\u011btnu 1941 n\u00e1zor, \u017ee „nen\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee des\u00edtky milion\u016f lid\u00ed zem\u0159ou hlady, kdy\u017e ze zem\u011b vyvezeme v\u0161e pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro n\u00e1s.“<\/p>\n

Hitler ozn\u00e1mil sv\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed srovnat Moskvu a Leningrad se zem\u00ed, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo tomu, aby tam z\u016fstali lid\u00e9, kter\u00e9 by museli krmit v zim\u011b. (um zu verhindern, dass Menschen Darin bleiben, zem\u0159\u00edt wir Dann im Winter ern\u00e4hren m\u00fcssten).<\/em><\/p>\n

To je odpov\u011b\u010f na n\u00e1zory, zda by bylo lep\u0161\u00ed se vzd\u00e1t. Podobn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f o p\u0159ipravovan\u00e9m osudu poroben\u00e9ho obyvatelstva lze naj\u00edt je\u0161t\u011b celou \u0159adu.<\/p>\n

\"P1040070\"<\/p>\n

Kde se berou takov\u00e9 zv\u011bsti?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed poj\u010fme mluvit o tom, co by m\u011bl zn\u00e1t ka\u017ed\u00fd. P\u0159ipome\u0148me si cit\u00e1t \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho historika Tacita: \u201eFeminis lugere honestum est, Viris meminisse.“ (\u017den\u00e1m n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed truchlit, mu\u017e\u016fm pamatovat.)<\/em><\/p>\n

Co si m\u016f\u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e1 generace p\u0159edstavit pod pojmem \u201eoble\u017een\u00ed Leningradu\u201c? Dovede si p\u0159edstavit pot\u00ed\u017ee m\u011bstsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, v \u010dele se \u017ddanovem p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f podpory \u017eivota a z\u00e1chrany obyvatel?\u00a0 Ne, toto t\u00e9ma je nudn\u00e9 a tak se vym\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed polopravdy i vylo\u017een\u00e9 l\u017ei…<\/p>\n

Nikoho dnes nezaj\u00edm\u00e1, \u017ee na ochranu p\u0159ed bombardov\u00e1n\u00edm a ost\u0159elov\u00e1n\u00edm bylo postaveno v\u00edce ne\u017e 4000 kryt\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly ur\u010deny pro 800 tis\u00edc lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 si \u0159eknete, \u017ee to hlavn\u00ed v oble\u017een\u00e9m Leningradu byl hlad a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed potravin. V\u017edy\u0165 v d\u016fsledku toho zde zem\u0159elo na 1 mili\u00f3n lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"P1080246\"<\/p>\n

Ale to opravdu hlavn\u00ed, bez kter\u00e9ho by byl po\u010det ob\u011bt\u00ed daleko vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, bylo \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed prevence rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch epidemi\u00ed ve m\u011bst\u011b s nefunguj\u00edc\u00ed distribuc\u00ed vody a nefunk\u010dn\u00ed kanalizac\u00ed. Na tyto z\u00e1sluhy m\u011bstsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy se v\u016fbec nevzpom\u00edn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1lokdo tak\u00e9 vzpomene, \u017ee v oble\u017een\u00e9m Leningradu vyr\u00e1b\u011bli vitam\u00edny z jehli\u010d\u00ed a v\u00fdbu\u0161niny z hl\u00edny. V z\u00e1vod\u011b Sestroretskij jako prvn\u00ed v SSSR za\u010dali vyr\u00e1b\u011bt nejlep\u0161\u00ed samopal druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky – Sudajev. (3)<\/p>\n

Ale zato se roztrubuj\u00ed zv\u011bsti, jak si zde \u017eil ob\u00e9zn\u00ed \u010dlen vojensk\u00e9 rady severo-z\u00e1padn\u00edho sm\u011bru a vojensk\u00e9 rady Leningradsk\u00e9 fronty, prvn\u00ed tajemn\u00edk krajsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdboru strany, Andrej \u017ddanov.<\/em> (4)<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco se na ulic\u00edch m\u011bsta um\u00edralo od hladu, \u017ddanov pr\u00fd hr\u00e1l tenis, aby zhubl. Komunisti\u010dt\u00ed v\u016fdci spolu s n\u00edm, \u017erali ve Smoln\u00e9m kol\u00e1\u010de a broskve.<\/p>\n

8.kv\u011btna 2009, tedy v Den V\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed<\/em> (!), \u010dasopis „Novaja Gazeta“<\/em> vydala \u010dl\u00e1nek o tom, \u017ee p\u0159i obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed Leningradu \u017ddanov „dostal ananasy d\u00edky speci\u00e1ln\u00ed leteck\u00e9 dod\u00e1vce, a v\u016fbec jako \u010dlen Stalinova politbyra p\u0159ij\u00edmal bal\u00ed\u010dky z americk\u00fdch dod\u00e1vek ze smlouvy o p\u016fj\u010dce a pron\u00e1jmu (Land-Lease.)<\/em> (5)<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e1 nepodlo\u017een\u00e1 obvin\u011bn\u00ed, a to nejen na \u017ddanova, ale i na dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed funkcion\u00e1\u0159e, se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed v rusk\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00edch od dob perestrojky.<\/p>\n

\"P1080298\"<\/p>\n

V knize „Odtajn\u011bn\u00e1 blok\u00e1da“<\/em> (6) V.I. Demidov<\/em> napsal: „V\u00edme, \u017ee ve Smoln\u00e9m p\u0159i obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed Leningradu nikdo nezem\u0159el hlady, i kdy\u017e z dystrofie a z hladu doch\u00e1zelo \u010dasto k mdlob\u00e1m. Podle zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed dob\u0159e znali \u017eivot funkcion\u00e1\u0159\u016f, (ptal jsem se serv\u00edrky, dvou sester, n\u011bkolika \u010dlen\u016f vojensk\u00e9 rady, asistent\u016f atd.), \u017ddanov jedl ka\u0161i z pohankov\u00e9 krupice a kyselou pol\u00e9vku.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Podle finsk\u00e9ho filmu „\u017ddanov – chr\u00e1n\u011bnec Stalina“<\/em> se na skl\u00e1dce \u010din\u017eovn\u00edho domu, kde \u017eil, na\u0161ly slupky od pomeran\u010d\u016f.
\nA\u017e na to, \u017ee \u017ddanov \u017eil po celou blok\u00e1du v oplocen\u00e9m pal\u00e1ci Smolnyj, spal maxim\u00e1ln\u011b p\u011bt nebo \u0161est hodin, v mal\u00e9 odpo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1rn\u011b za kancel\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, a velmi z\u0159\u00eddka – v p\u0159\u00edstavku ve dvo\u0159e Smoln\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Ze vzpom\u00ednek jedn\u00e9 ze dvou asistentek Vojensk\u00e9 rady Leningradsk\u00e9ho frontu Anny Strachovov\u00e9,<\/em> v druh\u00e9 dek\u00e1d\u011b listopadu 1941 \u017ddanov sn\u00ed\u017eil p\u0159\u00edd\u011bly potravin pro v\u0161echny \u010dleny vojensk\u00e9 rady.<\/p>\n

Oper\u00e1tor komunika\u010dn\u00edho uzlu ve Smoln\u00e9m, Michael Nej\u0161tadt<\/em> komentoval pov\u011bsti, jak funkcion\u00e1\u0159i slavili v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed 7.listopadu – kolem voj\u00e1k\u016f se nosily t\u00e1cy s oblo\u017een\u00fdmi chleby. \u201eTo je nesmysl. \u017ddanov, kdy\u017e p\u0159i\u0161el, nejprve ov\u011b\u0159il spot\u0159ebu potravin. P\u0159\u00edd\u011bl byl velmi p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fd. Tak\u017ee v\u0161echny ty \u0159e\u010di o „p\u0159ecp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed b\u0159icha“, jsou spekulace, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 pravda.“<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed „senza\u010dn\u00edch“ odhalen\u00ed na toto t\u00e9ma se dosahuje n\u011bkdy bodu absurdity. Tak nap\u0159\u00edklad se p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee \u017ddanov<\/em> se p\u0159ecp\u00e1val buchtami.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00fd nechal na dvo\u0159e ve Smoln\u00e9m v zim\u011b zast\u0159elit \u0161est kucha\u0159\u016f, pot\u00e9 co mu p\u0159inesli studen\u00e9 buchty. Pro\u010d by kucha\u0159i nosili buchty? A nav\u00edc\u2026 \u017ddanov<\/em> m\u011bl cukrovku a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 buchty j\u00edst nemohl…<\/p>\n

Dne\u0161n\u00ed d\u011bdicov\u00e9 Goebbelsovy propagandy se p\u0159esn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed jeho z\u00e1sady: „Lh\u00e1t, lh\u00e1t, lh\u00e1t je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edc, n\u011bco z toho v mysl\u00edch lid\u00ed z\u016fstane.<\/em>“ Takov\u00e9 jsou metody lh\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed pomst\u00edt pora\u017een\u00e9 ideologii a ur\u00e1\u017e\u00ed pam\u00e1tku obr\u00e1nc\u016f severn\u00edho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Ruska.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0http:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franz_Halder<\/a>
\n(2)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_Jodl<\/a>
\n(3)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samopal_PPS<\/a>
\n(4)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0http:\/\/www.novysmer.cz\/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=1185:kdo-to-byl-andrej-alexandrovi-danov&catid=39:historie&Itemid=50 <\/a>
\n(5)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Z%C3%A1kon_o_p%C5%AFj%C4%8Dce_a_pron%C3%A1jmu<\/a>
\n(6)<\/p>\n

http:\/\/books.google.cz\/books\/about\/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD.html?id=987BAQAACAAJ&;redir_esc=y<\/a><\/p>\n

Fofo<\/strong> z pam\u00e1tn\u00edku na Piskarevsk\u00e9m h\u0159bitov\u011b, kde je poh\u0159beno asi 800 tis\u00edc obyvatel Leningradu z doby blok\u00e1dy. Obr. 2 Denn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edd\u011bl chleba 125 g. Obr. 4 Den\u00edk T\u00e1ni Savi\u010devov\u00e9 (11 let) (c) NoS.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Oble\u017een\u00ed Leningradu za druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky pat\u0159i k nejpohnut\u011bj\u0161\u00edm\u00a0 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016fm druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Nen\u00ed proto p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm, \u017ee i zde je<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2188,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[37,23,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2193"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2193"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2193\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2808,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2193\/revisions\/2808"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2188"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2193"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2193"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2193"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}