{"id":2242,"date":"2015-09-24T20:48:28","date_gmt":"2015-09-24T18:48:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/bitva-na-jaram\/"},"modified":"2015-09-24T20:48:28","modified_gmt":"2015-09-24T18:48:28","slug":"bitva-na-jaram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/bitva-na-jaram\/","title":{"rendered":"Bitva na Jaram\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"ces\"Ve t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch letech se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed fa\u0161ismus vydal na pochod. Nejprve p\u0159i\u0161la v r. 1935 na \u0159adu Habe\u0161, v roce 1936 pak \u0160pan\u011blsko.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pro fa\u0161istick\u00e9 dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed tam byla vhodn\u00e1 p\u016fda. Tato republika byla zem\u00ed velk\u00fdch rozpor\u016f spole\u010densk\u00fdch a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch, zem\u00ed s polofeud\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dou velkostatk\u00e1\u0159\u016f a gener\u00e1l\u016f a katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve na venkov\u011b, se siln\u00fdm d\u011blnick\u00fdm revolu\u010dn\u00edm hnut\u00edm v pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch oblastech a v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstech, kter\u00e9 si v lednu 1936 vybojovalo demokratickou vl\u00e1du lidov\u00e9 fronty. Av\u0161ak ji\u017e v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b roku 1936 si dom\u00e1c\u00ed reakce p\u0159ipravovala p\u016fdu pro ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lku, pro povst\u00e1n\u00ed proti vl\u00e1d\u011b lidov\u00e9 fronty.<\/p>\n

Republik\u00e1nsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da byla v pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed reakce v\u00e1hav\u00e1, neuposlechla \u010detn\u00fdch v\u00fdzev Komunistick\u00e9 strany \u0160pan\u011blska k energick\u00e9mu z\u00e1kroku a t\u00edm vlastn\u011b p\u0159ipravovala p\u016fdu sv\u00fdm nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm. P\u0159edehra druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky za\u010dala tedy v \u010dervenci 1936 pu\u010dem vojensk\u00fdch pos\u00e1dek v Maroku a \u0160pan\u011blsku. Do jeho \u010dela se postavil vojensk\u00fd guvern\u00e9r Kan\u00e1rsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f gener\u00e1l Franco. Rozho\u0159ely se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159\u00edlet\u00e9 boje ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, v nich\u017e bylo naps\u00e1no tolik slavn\u00fdch stran do knihy prolet\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 bojov\u00e9 solidarity a v n\u00ed\u017e jsou i \u010destn\u011b uvedena jm\u00e9na v\u00edce ne\u017e dvou tis\u00edc \u010cech\u016f a Slov\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch a nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch st\u0159etnut\u00ed v ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce byla bitva na Jaram\u011b v \u00fanoru 1937. \u0158eka Jarama obt\u00e9k\u00e1 asi 15 km v\u00fdchodn\u011b Madrid, sm\u011b\u0159uje k jihu a k\u0159i\u017euje se u argandsk\u00e9ho mostu s hlavn\u00ed madridskou komunikac\u00ed do Valencie. (Madrid byl po\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1937 t\u00edsn\u011bn fa\u0161isty krom\u011b tohoto jedin\u00e9ho sm\u011bru.) Touto silnic\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1zel do t\u00edsn\u011bn\u00e9ho Madridu \u017eivot, potraviny, z\u00e1soby. Kraj podle Jaramy je m\u00edrn\u011b zvln\u011bn\u00fd a jen \u0159eky si prokousaly do pahorkatiny hlub\u0161\u00ed koryta. Olivov\u00e9 h\u00e1je a pol\u00ed\u010dko s kamenn\u00fdmi z\u00eddkami pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed krajinu. Po \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 obran\u011b m\u011bsta v listopadu 1936 m\u00e1 republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9 velen\u00ed v \u00famyslu uvolnit hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na jihu a \u010delit pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9 fa\u0161istick\u00e9 ofenz\u00edv\u011b v tomto prostoru. Ta se skute\u010dn\u011b chyst\u00e1 a jej\u00ed c\u00edl je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pro Franka: \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou ofenz\u00edvou na jihu, na Jaram\u011b, by byl Madrid obchv\u00e1cen a t\u00edm by se jeho dal\u0161\u00ed obrana zt\u00ed\u017eila. Ovlivnilo by to z\u0159ejm\u00e9 i dal\u0161\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1lky v\u016fbec. Proti Jaram\u011b se soust\u0159e\u010fuje na \u010dty\u0159icet tis\u00edc voj\u00e1k\u016f \u2014 frankist\u016f, Ital\u016f, N\u011bmc\u016f, Marok\u00e1nc\u016f i cizineck\u00fdch legion\u00e1\u0159\u016f, aby za\u00fato\u010dili p\u0159es \u0159eku na v\u00fdchod, od\u0159\u00edzli Madrid od valencijsk\u00e9 z\u00e1sob\u00e1rny a i z v\u00fdchodu obchv\u00e1tili hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto republiky.<\/p>\n

6. \u00fanora 1937 nep\u0159\u00edtel p\u0159edb\u011bhl z\u00e1mysl republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho velen\u00ed a zah\u00e1jil sv\u016fj \u00fatok. Na t\u0159ech sm\u011brech za\u00fato\u010dil na front\u011b \u0161irok\u00e9 asi 10 km proti Jaram\u011b. S\u00edly republik\u00e1n\u016f byly v t\u00e9 dob\u011b je\u0161t\u011b nesoust\u0159ed\u011bny, a proto fa\u0161istick\u00e1 ofenz\u00edva byla v t\u00e9to prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi bitvy \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1. Fa\u0161ist\u00e9 z\u00edskali prostor asi do hloubky 6 a\u017e 10 km, p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eili se 9. \u00fanora t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 k valencijsk\u00e9 komunikaci, kterou v\u0161ak Modestovy s\u00edly ubr\u00e1nily. Na Jaram\u011b p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed pu\u010dist\u00e9 n\u00e1siln\u00fd p\u0159echod. 11. \u00fanora 1937 v noci se to men\u0161\u00edm \u00fato\u010dn\u00fdm hl\u00eddk\u00e1m poda\u0159ilo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez boje. P\u0159ekvapily slab\u00e9 str\u00e1\u017ee u mostu Pindoque, bezhlu\u010dn\u011b je zni\u010dily a obsadily most. P\u0159es most se ihned za\u010dala p\u0159epravovat p\u011bchota a tanky. Na lev\u00e9m republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9m b\u0159ehu ]aramy vzniklo tedy dosti \u0161irok\u00e9 p\u0159edmost\u00ed, z n\u011bho\u017e fa\u0161ist\u00e9 mohli v dal\u0161\u00edm \u00fatoku dos\u00e1hnout silnice do Valencie, postupovat d\u00e1le a uskute\u010dnit obchv\u00e1cen\u00ed Madridu. O toto p\u0159edmost\u00ed za pindock\u00fdm mostem prob\u00edhaly urputn\u00e9 boje. V nich fa\u0161ist\u00e9 roz\u0161i\u0159ovali sv\u016fj po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sm\u011br jejich postupu byl na obec Morata, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na \u0159ece Tajune. Ta se vl\u00e9v\u00e1 o n\u011bco ji\u017en\u011bji do Jaramy. Ob\u011b \u0159eky tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ed sv\u00fdm soutokem jakousi vidlici, dv\u011b strany troj\u00faheln\u00edka, jeho\u017e t\u0159et\u00ed nejkrat\u0161\u00ed stranu tvo\u0159\u00ed na severu silnice Valencie – Madrid. O tento prostor byly vedeny nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed boje.<\/p>\n

Pro republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9 velen\u00ed bylo \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nasadit v\u0161e, co je k dispozici. Byly to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed brig\u00e1dy \u2014 nejkvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jednotky republiky. Soust\u0159edily se tam 11., 12., 14. a 15. mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed brig\u00e1da, na severn\u00edm \u00faseku s\u00edly gener\u00e1la Modesta a na ji\u017en\u00edm \u00faseku fronty divize Listerova. V sestav\u011b 15. mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed brig\u00e1dy byl i Dimitrov\u016fv prapor a jeho kulometn\u00e1 rota Jana \u017di\u017eky, slo\u017een\u00e1 z \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch antifa\u0161ist\u016f, a protiletadlov\u00e1 baterie Klementa Gottwalda s B. La\u0161tovi\u010dkou v \u010dele. Ob\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti bojovaly pr\u00e1v\u011b na tomto kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9m \u00faseku jaramsk\u00e9 fronty.<\/p>\n

\"interbrigada\"<\/p>\n

Bitvy se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo na t\u0159icet tis\u00edc mu\u017e\u016f republik\u00e1nsk\u00fdch sil.<\/p>\n

Ve dnech 11. a\u017e 15. \u00fanora 1937 vrcholil pr\u016fb\u011bh boj\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jednotky \u0161ly b\u011bhem dne mnohokr\u00e1t do \u00fatoku (Th\u00e4lmann\u016fv prapor nastoupil 13. \u00fanora 1937 jeden\u00e1ctkr\u00e1t). Fa\u0161ist\u00e9 vyslali do boj\u016f italsk\u00e9 tanky (celkem se bitvy z\u00fa\u010dastnilo 100 fa\u0161istick\u00fdch stroj\u016f), n\u011bmeck\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edmotorov\u00e1 letadla typu Junkers nacistick\u00e9 legie Condor a italsk\u00e9 letouny Fiat. Leteck\u00e9 bitvy \u010dty\u0159iceti a\u017e sedmdes\u00e1ti stroj\u016f na ka\u017ed\u00e9 bojuj\u00edc\u00ed stran\u011b nebyly zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed. P\u011bchota bojovala o ka\u017ed\u00e9 pole, o ka\u017ed\u00fd olivov\u00fd strom. Bojovn\u00edky zm\u00e1halo horko, nedostatek pitn\u00e9 vody, za\u010dalo v\u00e1znout z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u0159elivem. 17. \u00fanora se pr\u016fb\u011bh bitvy zm\u011bnil. Republik\u00e1nsk\u00fdm sil\u00e1m se vhodnou koncentrac\u00ed sil a prost\u0159edk\u016f zda\u0159ilo zlikvidovat fa\u0161istick\u00fd pr\u016flom a samy p\u0159evzaly bojovou iniciativu.<\/p>\n

Od severu za\u00fato\u010dilo prav\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddlo Modestovo p\u0159es Manzanares ji\u017en\u011b, Listerova divize pak na lev\u00e9m k\u0159\u00eddle \u00fato\u010dila od \u0159eky Tajune na z\u00e1pad a p\u0159e\u0161la p\u0159es Jaramu. Nep\u0159\u00edtel byl donucen vzd\u00e1t se pl\u00e1n\u016f na obchvat Madridu, ustoupil zhruba na sv\u00e9 v\u00fdchoz\u00ed postaven\u00ed z po\u010d\u00e1tku m\u011bs\u00edce a zaujal obranu. V jeho dr\u017een\u00ed z\u016fstal jen pruh \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159i aranjuezsk\u00e9 silnici a na lev\u00e9m b\u0159ehu \u0159eky u mostu v Pindoque. Bitva na Jaram\u011b t\u00edm prakticky skon\u010dila. Na boji\u0161ti z\u016fstalo zhruba 50 % sil na obou stran\u00e1ch \u2014 fa\u0161ist\u00e9 ztratili na mrtv\u00fdch, ran\u011bn\u00fdch a zajat\u00fdch 20 tis\u00edc, republik\u00e1ni 15 tis\u00edc. Urputnost\u00ed a nasazen\u00edm bojov\u00e9 techniky i lid\u00ed se bitva na Jaram\u011b vyrovnala v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm bitv\u00e1m i \u201evelk\u00fdch“ d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00e1lek.<\/p>\n

Republik\u00e1nsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da vstoupila do boje jako organizovan\u00fd bojov\u00fd apar\u00e1t, p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm po mor\u00e1ln\u00ed str\u00e1nce sv\u00e9ho protivn\u00edka. Doba vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed republik\u00e1nsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy skon\u010dila. Na Jaram\u011b ji\u017e st\u00e1la skute\u010dn\u00e1 arm\u00e1da s bojov\u00fdmi zku\u0161enostmi, jednotn\u00fdm velen\u00edm a\u017e do \u010det a dru\u017estev, s celkem vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed bojovou technikou a vhodnou organizac\u00ed vojsk. Jak pravil gener\u00e1l Lister: \u201eBitva na Jaram\u011b potvrdila, \u017ee republika m\u00e1 pravidelnou arm\u00e1du, kter\u00e1 je schopna nejen se br\u00e1nit, ale i \u00fato\u010dit.“<\/p>\n

Boje 6. a\u017e 17. \u00fanora 1937 pat\u0159\u00ed k velk\u00fdm v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm antifa\u0161istick\u00fdch sil v pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00e1lky ve \u0160pan\u011blsku. Je i \u00fasp\u011bchem \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 \u017di\u017ekovy kulometn\u00e9 roty, Gottwaldovy baterie (obr. 2) a dal\u0161\u00edch prapor\u016f mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch brig\u00e1d, kter\u00e9 se bitvy na Jaram\u011b \u00fa\u010dastnily.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ve t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch letech se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed fa\u0161ismus vydal na pochod. Nejprve p\u0159i\u0161la v r. 1935 na \u0159adu Habe\u0161, v roce 1936<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2240,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[414,63],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2242"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2242"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2242\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2240"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2242"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2242"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2242"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}