{"id":2253,"date":"2015-09-24T21:05:56","date_gmt":"2015-09-24T19:05:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/nepemoeny-vojevdce\/"},"modified":"2015-09-24T21:05:56","modified_gmt":"2015-09-24T19:05:56","slug":"nepemoeny-vojevdce","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/nepemoeny-vojevdce\/","title":{"rendered":"Nep\u0159emo\u017een\u00fd vojev\u016fdce"},"content":{"rendered":"

 \"husiti1\"Gr\u00fcnwaldsk\u00e9 bitvy roku 1410 se mezi \u010desk\u00fdmi bojovn\u00edky \u00fa\u010dastnil i mal\u00fd jiho\u010desk\u00fd zeman Jan \u017di\u017eka z Trocnova.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Jestli\u017ee u Grunwaldu se srazily dv\u011b v podstat\u011b feud\u00e1ln\u00ed arm\u00e1dy, pak v husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed star\u00e1, \u201eryz\u00ed“ feud\u00e1ln\u00ed vojensk\u00e1 organizace na arm\u00e1du zcela novou jak co do slo\u017eeni a mor\u00e1lky, tak co do v\u00fdzbroje a vojensk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed. Jestli\u017ee k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e9 vojsko bylo slo\u017eeno z mocn\u00e9 \u017eelezn\u00e9 \u0161lechtick\u00e9 j\u00edzdy, ze zku\u0161en\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016f kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch, \u0161lechtick\u00fdch a \u0159\u00e1dov\u00fdch, z najat\u00fdch profesion\u00e1l\u016f – pak husitsk\u00e9 vojsko m\u011blo sv\u00e9 j\u00e1dro v bojov\u011b nezku\u0161en\u00e9 vesnick\u00e9 a m\u011bstsk\u00e9 chudin\u011b, v m\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00fdch bojovn\u00edc\u00edch, v cechovn\u00edm \u0159emeslnictvu a zemanstvu. Jestli\u017ee na stran\u011b p\u00e1n\u016f byly argumenty s\u00edly v t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kovov\u00fdch od\u011bn\u00edch, v kop\u00edch, dlouh\u00fdch dvojb\u0159it\u00fdch me\u010d\u00edch a v mase t\u011b\u017ekood\u011bn\u00e9 j\u00edzdy, potom neobst\u00e1ly proti husitsk\u00e9 vozov\u00e9 hradb\u011b, proti jednoduch\u00fdm zbran\u00edm pro p\u011b\u0161\u00ed boj, proti lehk\u00e9 j\u00edzd\u011b a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm proti paln\u00fdm zbran\u00edm v\u0161eho druhu, kter\u00e9 rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se cechovn\u00ed v\u00fdroba v m\u011bstech byla s to produkovat. Husit\u00e9 \u0161krtli celou dlouhou etapu feud\u00e1ln\u00edho ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho v\u00e1le\u010dnictv\u00ed a nastolili nov\u00e9 prvky vojensk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed a bojov\u00e9 techniky. Po husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch ji\u017e nebylo mo\u017eno bojovat jinak ne\u017e \u201ehusitsky“. Za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nov\u00e1 kapitola evropsk\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin.<\/p>\n

Tato kapitola je spjata s osobou Jana \u017di\u017eky z Trocnova. \u201eCo v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk stkv\u00ed se \u017di\u017eka v \u0159ad\u011b on\u011bch slavn\u00fdch a cel\u00e9mu d\u011bjinstvu velmi \u0159\u00eddk\u00fdch vojev\u016fdc\u016fv, kte\u0159\u00ed honositi se mohli, \u017ee podstoupiv\u0161e boj\u016fv velik\u00fdch i mal\u00fdch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez po\u010dtu, nikdy s por\u00e1\u017ekou nepotkali se, tud\u00ed\u017e pln\u00fdm pr\u00e1vem nep\u0159emo\u017een\u00fdmi sluj\u00ed.“<\/em> (Franti\u0161ek Palack\u00fd.)<\/p>\n

Historie vskutku sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o \u017di\u017ekov\u00fdch vynikaj\u00edc\u00edch vojev\u016fdcovsk\u00fdch vlastnostech. \u017di\u017eka, jako ostatn\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd velk\u00fd vojev\u016fdce p\u0159ed n\u00edm i po n\u011bm, nen\u00ed s\u00e1m tv\u016frcem nov\u00fdch vojsk. Tato vojska vznikla z ur\u010dit\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u011b ekonomick\u00e9 situace, z obrovsk\u00e9 masy, uvoln\u011bn\u00e9 revoluc\u00ed. Za\u010d\u00e1tky husitsk\u00fdch vojsk nach\u00e1z\u00edme v prvotn\u00edch \u201et\u00e1borech“, kde \u201ena hor\u00e1ch“ k\u00e1zali kazatel\u00e9 prav\u00e9 slovo bo\u017e\u00ed. \u010casto bylo nutno se br\u00e1nit proti kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 a pansk\u00e9 moci, a proto poutnici p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli s sebou zbran\u011b, je\u017e m\u011bli p\u0159i ruce – selsk\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje \u2014 nebo ony zbran\u011b, jimi\u017e jako tradi\u010dn\u00ed pomocn\u00fd druh feud\u00e1ln\u00edho vojska \u2014 p\u011b\u0161\u00e1ci \u2014 um\u011bli vl\u00e1dnout. \u017di\u017ekov\u00fdm \u00fakolem bylo takto vyzbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly zorganizovat ve vojsko. Uskute\u010dnil to, dovedl vyu\u017eit mo\u017enosti lidov\u00fdch mas v ohledu mravn\u00edm i bojov\u00e9m, tomuto vojsku dal z\u00e1sady organiza\u010dn\u00ed a taktick\u00e9. Vytvo\u0159il z r\u016fznorod\u00e9 masy skute\u010dn\u011b modern\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 vojsko, jeho\u017e s\u00edla byla zmno\u017eena vyu\u017eit\u00edm nejprogres\u00edvn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch prvk\u016f m\u011bstsk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 organizace (vozov\u00e1 hradba) a bojov\u00e9 techniky (paln\u00e9 zbran\u011b).<\/p>\n

Z mno\u017estv\u00ed bitev velik\u00fdch i mal\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 \u017di\u017eka svedl, vyb\u00edr\u00e1me dv\u011b – bitvu u Sudom\u011b\u0159e 25. b\u0159ezna 1420 a ta\u017een\u00ed Kutn\u00e1 Hora \u2014 N\u011bmeck\u00fd Brod 21. prosince 1421 a\u017e 9.ledna 1422. Pat\u0159i ke slavn\u00fdm bitv\u00e1m nikoli proto, \u017ee n\u011bjak podstatn\u011b ovlivnily spole\u010densk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, ale proto\u017ee velmi v\u00fdrazn\u011b ukazuji hlavni z\u00e1sady \u017di\u017ekova vojensk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"husiti2\"<\/p>\n

Bitva u Sudom\u011b\u0159e<\/strong><\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1419 nach\u00e1z\u00edme \u017di\u017eku v Praze. Se sv\u00fdmi druhy Mikul\u00e1\u0161em z Husi, Plib\u00edkem z Klenov\u00e9 a Janem z Vicemilic pat\u0159i k radik\u00e1ln\u00edmu hnut\u00ed a odm\u00edt\u00e1 jak\u00e1koli jedn\u00e1n\u00ed se Zikmundem.<\/p>\n

Praha tehdy byla skute\u010dn\u00fdm ohniskem husitsk\u00e9ho revolu\u010dn\u00edho hnut\u00ed. \u017di\u017ekovy vojensk\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti se zde bohat\u00e9 uplatnily v \u0159\u00edjnu a listopadu p\u0159i \u00fatoc\u00edch na kr\u00e1lovskou pos\u00e1dku na Vy\u0161ehrad\u011b a Mal\u00e9 Stran\u011b. \u201eOd t\u00e9 doby se pevnila a rostla sl\u00e1va i p\u016fsobnost jeho v\u00e1le\u010dnick\u00e1.“<\/p>\n

Ji\u017e v t\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u0161ak za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed v pra\u017esk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0161\u0165anstvu pror\u00e1\u017eet r\u016fzn\u00e9 kompromisnick\u00e9 \u017eivly, jim\u017e jde o p\u0159im\u011b\u0159\u00ed s kr\u00e1lem, a kter\u00e9 pozd\u011bji zcela ovl\u00e1dly Prahu. 13. listopadu bylo p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b uzav\u0159eno a \u017di\u017eka odch\u00e1z\u00ed. Odch\u00e1zi z Prahy do Plzn\u011b, M\u011bsta Slunce, kde chce vytvo\u0159it nov\u00e9 st\u0159edisko ozbrojen\u00e9ho radik\u00e1ln\u00edho boje. Av\u0161ak i zde se setk\u00e1v\u00e1 s obojetnost\u00ed m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u016f.<\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba hledat nov\u00e9 s\u00eddlo, nov\u00e9 centrum revolu\u010dn\u00edho boje. Kdy\u017e se \u017di\u017eka dov\u00edd\u00e1 a dobyti Hradi\u0161t\u011b pobl\u00ed\u017e Sezimova \u00dast\u00ed v ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch, je rozhodnut odej\u00edt z Plzn\u011b sem, do budouc\u00edho T\u00e1bora. Odes\u00edl\u00e1 na Hradi\u0161t\u011b \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch sil pod Chvalem \u0158epick\u00fdm, uzav\u00edr\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed s kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm vojskem, kter\u00e9 mezit\u00edm oblehlo Plze\u0148, a vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 se se zbytkem sv\u00fdch sil do ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech.<\/p>\n

Jedna \u010d\u00e1st kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch sil obl\u00e9h\u00e1 Plze\u0148. Druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st, v n\u00ed\u017e jsou s\u00edly Petra ze \u0160ternberka, Mike\u0161e Div\u016f\u010dka, Jind\u0159icha z Hradce a mistra strakonick\u00fdch k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f, dobyla zat\u00edm P\u00edsek a m\u011bla t\u00e9\u017e vyrazit k Plzni. Jakmile se v\u0161ak p\u00e1ni dov\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee \u017di\u017eka se skrovn\u00fdmi silami t\u00e1hne z Plzn\u011b, s radost\u00ed uv\u00edtali mo\u017enost ho zni\u010dit.<\/p>\n

Aritmeticky to bylo naprosto logick\u00e9. Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 vojsko m\u011blo od dvou do p\u011bti tis\u00edc mu\u017e\u016f (zde se \u00fadaje rozch\u00e1zej\u00ed), \u017di\u017ekovo \u010d\u00edtalo kolem \u010dty\u0159 set hlav, dvan\u00e1ct bojov\u00fdch voz\u016f a dev\u011bt j\u00edzdn\u00edch kon\u00ed. Soudob\u00fd kronik\u00e1\u0159 vystihuje velmi v\u00fdsti\u017en\u011b n\u00e1ladu kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch:<\/p>\n

\u201e … ve mnoh\u00e9 hlasy lid\u00e9 mluvili, \u0159vouce, \u017ee by jich ni\u010d\u00edm\u017e nezabili, jenom ko\u0148mi tla\u010dili, tehdy je na ko\u0148sk\u00e9 kopyta rozber\u00fa\u2026“<\/em><\/p>\n

\u017di\u017eka brzy poznal nebezpe\u010d\u00ed a sna\u017eil se uhnout v pochodu nikoliv proto, aby utekl, ale aby on s\u00e1m si mohl zvolit boji\u0161t\u011b. Dob\u0159e v\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 boji se vyhnout. Bylo t\u0159eba zvolit takov\u00fd ter\u00e9n, kter\u00fd oslab\u00ed dva nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dinitele nep\u0159\u00edtele: 1) jeho mno\u017estv\u00ed, 2) \u00fadernou s\u00edlu jeho t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho jezdectva.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00fd ter\u00e9n se vyskytl u Sudom\u011b\u0159e<\/em> v prostoru rybn\u00edk\u016f \u0160kared\u00fd a Markovec. Oba rybn\u00edky se v ur\u010dit\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed hr\u00e1zemi a za t\u00edmto m\u00edstem je m\u00edrn\u011b se roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed such\u00fd troj\u00faheln\u00edkovit\u00fd prostor. Rybn\u00edk \u0160kared\u00fd byl vypu\u0161t\u011bn a jeho dno bylo pokryto hlubok\u00fdm mazlav\u00fdm bahnem. Za ob\u011bma rybn\u00edky se rozprost\u00edraly mo\u010d\u00e1lovit\u00e9 louky.<\/p>\n

\"bitva-sudomer\"<\/p>\n

Do onoho troj\u00faheln\u00edkovit\u00e9ho such\u00e9ho prostoru u hr\u00e1zi, kryt\u00e9ho z obou stran rybn\u00edky, rozm\u00edstil \u017di\u017eka vozy. \u010celo postaven\u00ed nebylo \u0161irok\u00e9, a mohl je proto dostate\u010dn\u011b osadit bojovn\u00edky. Nep\u0159\u00edtel, nech\u0165 se rozvine jakkoli, m\u016f\u017ee \u010deln\u011b na toto postaven\u00ed \u00fato\u010dit jen malou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sv\u00fdch sil pro nedostatek m\u00edsta. A tato mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st nebude schopna dob\u00fdt voz\u016f. Bude st\u00edsn\u011bna hloubkou vlastn\u00ed sestavy tla\u010d\u00edc\u00ed se vp\u0159ed k nep\u0159\u00edteli. Nebude m\u00edt mo\u017enost \u00fastupu. Tak bude otupen \u00fader \u017eelezn\u00e9 j\u00edzdy. Mno\u017estv\u00ed sil, kter\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edtel zasad\u00ed do boje, se stane sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159\u00edt\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Bahniska znemo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed pou\u017eit j\u00edzdy, proto\u017ee jakmile kon\u011b vejdou do bahna, budou spout\u00e1ny vlastn\u00ed vahou i vahou \u017eelezn\u00e9ho jezdce. Jezdci mus\u00ed sesednout a bojovat p\u011b\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. Pro t\u011b\u017eko od\u011bn\u00e9ho bojovn\u00edka bojovat p\u011b\u0161mo a v bahn\u011b \u2014 to je nesm\u00edrn\u00e1 nev\u00fdhoda a nebezpe\u010d\u00ed. Tyto p\u0159edpoklady se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu boje, kter\u00fd vypukl 25. b\u0159ezna odpoledne, dokonale splnily.<\/p>\n

Bitva byla krut\u00e1 a trvala a\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 do noci. Pansk\u00e9 vojsko odt\u00e1hlo z boji\u0161t\u011b s hanbou. Mnohon\u00e1sobn\u00e1 p\u0159evaha ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f nebyla s to porazit \u010dty\u0159i sta sedl\u00e1k\u016f. V houstnouc\u00ed mlze a \u0161eru nastal zmatek a kr\u00e1lov\u0161t\u00ed \u201es\u00fa se sami viece zbiti ne\u017e nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

\u017di\u017eka setrval na boji\u0161ti p\u0159es noc a druh\u00e9ho dne pokra\u010doval v cest\u011b na T\u00e1bor.<\/p>\n

Bitva u Sudom\u011b\u0159e byla pro \u017di\u017eku \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 I v jin\u00e9m smyslu \u2014 ve sv\u00fdch dozvuc\u00edch. Pro p\u00e1ny jsou a\u017e tragikomick\u00e9. Na Velik\u00fd p\u00e1tek 5. dubna 1420 odpo\u010d\u00edvala toti\u017e velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st sudom\u011b\u0159sk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho vojska pod velen\u00edm pana Mike\u0161e Div\u016f\u010dka ve Vo\u017ei\u010di. Slavila velikono\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tky, hojila se z ran a pl\u00e1novala nov\u00e9 \u201epot\u0159eni\u201c \u017di\u017eky. Bylo jich na dva tis\u00edce.<\/p>\n

Jejich oddech v\u0161ak \u017di\u017eka r\u00e1zn\u011b ukon\u010dil. Uskute\u010dnil toti\u017e operaci, kter\u00e9 bychom dnes asi dali n\u00e1zev \u201ep\u0159ekvapiv\u00fd p\u0159epad“.<\/em> Zcela ne\u010dek\u00e1n objevil se p\u0159ed Vo\u017eic\u00ed, dobyl ji velmi rychle, zap\u00e1lil a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm sebral velikou ko\u0159ist: jezdeck\u00e9 kon\u011b a od\u011bn\u00ed. Jimi vyzbrojil nov\u00fd rod\u00edc\u00ed se druh vojska na T\u00e1bo\u0159e – jezdectvo. \u201eA tu hned jezdcov sob\u011b nad\u011bla, a kter\u00e9ho\u017e podobn\u00e9ho pacholka vid\u011bl, na toho od\u011bn\u00ed dada i ko\u0148 pode\u0148, vycvi\u010dil jeho k j\u00edzd\u011b a k boji.“<\/em> (Star\u00e9 letopisy \u010desk\u00e9)<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n

Pl\u00e1n bitvy – http:\/\/www.husitstvi.cz<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 Gr\u00fcnwaldsk\u00e9 bitvy roku 1410 se mezi \u010desk\u00fdmi bojovn\u00edky \u00fa\u010dastnil i mal\u00fd jiho\u010desk\u00fd zeman Jan \u017di\u017eka z Trocnova.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2250,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[35,416,215],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2253"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2253"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2253\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2253"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2253"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}