{"id":2256,"date":"2015-09-24T21:15:12","date_gmt":"2015-09-24T19:15:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/konec-adu-nmeckych-ryti\/"},"modified":"2015-09-24T21:15:12","modified_gmt":"2015-09-24T19:15:12","slug":"konec-adu-nmeckych-ryti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/konec-adu-nmeckych-ryti\/","title":{"rendered":"S \u010dern\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem proti v\u00fdchodu (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"sVra\u0165me se zp\u011bt ke Gr\u00fcnwaldu, do 15. 8. 1410.<\/strong><\/p>\n


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Polsko-litevsk\u00e9 vojsko v s\u00edle 91 korouhv\u00ed (tj. odd\u00edl\u016f) bylo v j\u00e1d\u0159e vojskem slovansk\u00fdm. Bojovali v n\u011bm Pol\u00e1ci, Litevci, B\u011blorusov\u00e9, Rusov\u00e9, Ukrajinci, \u010ce\u0161i a Moravan\u00e9. Prav\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddlo u Tannenbergu tvo\u0159ilo 40 litevsk\u00fdch korouhv\u00ed pod Witoldem. Pol\u00e1ci pod Zbigniewem z Brzezia st\u00e1li na lev\u00e9m k\u0159\u00eddle u Lodwigowa. Vrchn\u00edm velitelem byl s\u00e1m Jagiello se svou vojenskou radou, v n\u00ed\u017e vynikal zku\u0161en\u00fd vojev\u016fdce Zyndram z Haszkowic a v n\u00ed\u017e byl i n\u00e1\u0161 Sokol z Lamberka. Jakmile polsko-litevsk\u00e9 vojsko spat\u0159ilo se\u0161i kovan\u00e9 k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky, s nad\u0161en\u00edm vy\u017eadovalo zah\u00e1jen\u00ed bitvy. Kr\u00e1l v\u0161ak boj odkl\u00e1dal. Dal slou\u017eit m\u0161e, pasoval \u0161lechtick\u00e9 syny na ryt\u00ed\u0159e a t\u00edmto zdr\u017een\u00edm o t\u0159i hodiny sledoval p\u0159esn\u00e9 c\u00edle: nechat odpo\u010dinout vlastn\u00ed vojsko, unavit a znerv\u00f3zn\u011bt nep\u0159\u00edtele. Ten se v \u0161iku \u201epekl\u201c v paprsc\u00edch srpnov\u00e9ho dopoledn\u00edho slunce, kter\u00e9 pra\u017eilo do \u017eelezn\u00fdch pl\u00e1t\u016f ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f i kon\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00e1dov\u00e9 vojsko zaujalo sv\u00e9 v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed na h\u0159betu m\u00edrn\u00fdch pahork\u016f ji\u017e brzy r\u00e1no a zajistilo se proti nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 j\u00edzd\u011b i \u201evl\u010d\u00edmi j\u00e1mami“. Prav\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddlo vojska (20 korouhv\u00ed) pod velen\u00edm komtura Kuna z Lichtensteinu m\u011blo v\u00e9st zni\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fader proti polsk\u00e9 j\u00edzd\u011b a rozhodnout t\u00edm bitvu. Lev\u00e9mu k\u0159idlu (15 korouhv\u00ed) velel mar\u0161\u00e1l \u0159\u00e1du Friedrich von Wallenrode a velen\u00ed z\u00e1lohy (16 korouhv\u00ed) si ponechal s\u00e1m velmistr. P\u0159ed \u010delem sestavy st\u00e1lo 100 hlavn\u00ed d\u011blost\u0159electva a lu\u010di\u0161tn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli zah\u00e1jit salvou boj. V k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du rostla netrp\u011blivost, a proto byli vysl\u00e1ni heroldi k Jagiellovi.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edali mu dva obna\u017een\u00e9 me\u010de jako provokativn\u00ed v\u00fdzvu k boji.<\/p>\n

\"s<\/p>\n

V tu dobu, p\u0159ed polednem, vystupovaly ji\u017e polsko-litevsk\u00e9 odd\u00edly z lesa, a rozv\u00edjely se v bojovou sestavu.<\/p>\n

Bitvu zah\u00e1jila z obou stran palba z d\u011bl. Ne\u017e se rozplynul oblak kou\u0159e, \u0159\u00edtila se ji\u017e na \u0159\u00e1dov\u00e9 vojsko lavina lehk\u00e9 tatarsk\u00e9 a litevsk\u00e9 j\u00edzdy, bravurn\u011b se vyhnula vl\u010d\u00edm j\u00e1m\u00e1m a zahnala lu\u010di\u0161tn\u00edky i d\u011blost\u0159elce. Proti n\u00ed vyrazila j\u00edzda Wallenrodova a zatla\u010dovala Tatary i litevsk\u00e9 korouhve. Sou\u010dasn\u011b se na obou k\u0159\u00eddlech rozv\u00edjel boj t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch jezdc\u016f. Litevsk\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddlo je zatla\u010dov\u00e1no st\u00e1le hloub\u011bji zp\u011bt a nakonec se d\u00e1v\u00e1 na \u00fat\u011bk. Bok polsk\u00fdch korouhvi chr\u00e1n\u00ed jen t\u0159i pluky smolensk\u00e9 p\u011bchoty, veden\u00e9 W\u00edtoldov\u00fdm bratrem. I p\u0159es vlastn\u00ed ohromn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty vzdoruji ve t\u0159ech sledech \u0161est\u00ed k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00fdm korouhv\u00edm ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f a zabra\u0148uj\u00ed jim vpadnout do boku Pol\u00e1k\u016fm. U Lodwigowa polsk\u00e1 j\u00edzda zatla\u010duje k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky; zm\u011bnila se situace i na litevsk\u00e9m k\u0159idle, jednak se tam chrab\u0159e bije rusk\u00e1 p\u011bchota a pout\u00ed bojem \u010d\u00e1st Wallenrodov\u00fdch sil, jednak se \u010d\u00e1st j\u00edzdy k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f v\u010das nezastavila v pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed Litevc\u00fa, vtrhla do jejich t\u00e1bora a plenila. Zat\u00edm Witold podchytil \u00fastup, znovu zorganizoval korouhve a tuto \u010d\u00e1st k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f obkl\u00ed\u010dil a pobil.<\/p>\n

Ta \u010d\u00e1st Wallenrodova k\u0159\u00eddla, kter\u00e1 zastavila pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1ni Litevc\u016f, zas\u00e1hla do boje na polsk\u00e9m k\u0159\u00eddle a sna\u017eila se o obchvat. Smolensk\u00e1 p\u011bchota jej i n\u00e1por znovu pozastavila a zat\u00edm se na boji\u0161ti objevily polsk\u00e9 z\u00e1lohy. Situace se zm\u011bnila ve prosp\u011bch Pol\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se nyn\u00ed sami chystali k obchvatu. V t\u00e9to nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 situaci, bylo kolem 18.00, rozhodl se velmistr zasadit do boje sv\u016fj trumf \u2014 16 korouhv\u00ed. Pro Pol\u00e1ky byly skute\u010dn\u011b nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdm p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm a bylo t\u0159eba p\u0159iv\u00e9st posledn\u00ed posily. Nyn\u00ed vlak rozhodla Litva. Witoldem zorganizovan\u00e9 korouhve vy\u0161ly znovu do boje.<\/p>\n

K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci byli v prudk\u00fdch boj\u00edch zatla\u010dov\u00e1ni, obchvacov\u00e1ni a pob\u00edjeni, padl velmistr Ulrich, velk\u00fd komtur Lichtenstein, mar\u0161\u00e1l Wallenrode a v\u00fdkv\u011bt k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e9ho ryt\u00ed\u0159stva. Zbytek vojska byl pobit ve vozov\u00e9 hradb\u011b, kam se uch\u00fdlil.<\/p>\n

Bitva po desetihodinov\u00e9m boji skon\u010dila stra\u0161nou por\u00e1\u017ekou \u0158\u00e1du n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f, kter\u00fd u Gr\u00fcnwaldu ztratil 18 000 padl\u00fdch a 14000 zajat\u00fdch. Tak\u00e9 polsko-litevsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty byly p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u011b vysok\u00e9, co se t\u00fd\u010de padl\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Grunwald znamenal z\u00e1nik vojensk\u00e9 moci \u0159\u00e1du. \u201eN\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho dne ji\u017e nast\u00e1vaj\u00ed dny jeho b\u00eddy, z\u00e1huby a \u00fapadku na v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dasy,\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e s\u00e1m kronik\u00e1\u0159 \u0159\u00e1du. St\u00e1tn\u00ed a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed existence Polska a Litvy byla zachr\u00e1n\u011bna. Na \u010das byl ochromen i n\u00e1s\u00edlnick\u00fd \u201eDrang nach Osten“, nebo\u0165 nejen\u017ee byla rozbita vojensk\u00e1 a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 s\u00edla \u0158\u00e1du n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f, byl i rozbit m\u00fdtus o jeho neporazitelnosti a \u201ed\u011bjinn\u00e9m posl\u00e1n\u00ed“. Pro Polsko m\u00e1 gr\u00fcnwaldsk\u00e9 v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed nesm\u00edrn\u00fd v\u00fdznam, je jeho nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch, velkou tradic\u00ed. Bitva m\u00e1 v\u0161ak v\u00fdznam i pro \u010desk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny. Por\u00e1\u017ekou nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed feud\u00e1ln\u00ed moci \u0158\u00e1du n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f byly vytvo\u0159eny i v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b politick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro budouc\u00ed boj \u010desk\u00fdch husit\u016f.<\/p>\n

Kone\u010dn\u011b je t\u0159eba si v\u0161imnout bitvy i ze str\u00e1nky vojensk\u00e9. Uplat\u0148uj\u00ed se zde toti\u017e i n\u011bkter\u00e9 nov\u00e9 formy vojensk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed a zp\u016fsobu boje. Projevuje se v\u00fdznam p\u011bchoty, co\u017e dok\u00e1zala zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u011bchota rusk\u00e1, kter\u00e1 dovedla \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b bojovat s ryt\u00ed\u0159skou j\u00edzdou. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed m\u00edsto zauj\u00edm\u00e1 lehk\u00e1 j\u00edzda Tatar\u016f a Litevc\u016f v prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi boje i po zformov\u00e1n\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu boje na nejohro\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech. Z\u00e1lohy d\u00edky umu kr\u00e1le Jagiella p\u0159estaly b\u00fdt nouzov\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm. Kr\u00e1l je p\u0159ed bojem pl\u00e1novit\u011b rozmis\u0165uje a \u017eiv\u00ed jimi bitvu v pr\u016fb\u011bhu t\u00edm, \u017ee je ve vhodn\u00fd okam\u017eik zasazuje, tak\u017ee jimi sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem man\u00e9vruje.<\/p>\n

Dokon\u010den\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vra\u0165me se zp\u011bt ke Gr\u00fcnwaldu, do 15. 8. 1410.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2254,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[35,416,215],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2256"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2256"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2256\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2254"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}