{"id":2258,"date":"2015-09-24T21:26:29","date_gmt":"2015-09-24T19:26:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/s-ernym-kiem-proti-vychodu\/"},"modified":"2015-09-24T21:26:29","modified_gmt":"2015-09-24T19:26:29","slug":"s-ernym-kiem-proti-vychodu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/s-ernym-kiem-proti-vychodu\/","title":{"rendered":"S \u010dern\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem proti v\u00fdchodu (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"s Ko\u0159ist, obchod, dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed a snad i trochu opravdov\u00e9 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u00edry p\u0159itahovalo od 11. stolet\u00ed tis\u00edce ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f Evropy k osmi k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdm v\u00fdprav\u00e1m do Svat\u00e9 zem\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n


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Tam tak\u00e9 vznikala prv\u00e1 ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e1 bratrstva, p\u016fvodn\u011b ur\u010den\u00e1 k boji s nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi a k ochran\u011b k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch poutn\u00edk\u016f. Tato bratrstva \u2014 \u0159\u00e1dy \u2014 se v\u0161ak stala v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm mocensk\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem feud\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9 organizace. Templ\u00e1\u0159i, johanit\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed vybudovali pod rou\u0161kou ochrany v\u00edry dokonale organizovan\u00fd mocensk\u00fd apar\u00e1t a rozprost\u0159eli svou moc nad tis\u00edci m\u011bst, vesnic, hrad\u016f, kostel\u016f a panstv\u00ed nikoli u\u017e ve Svat\u00e9 zemi, ale v kn\u00ed\u017eectv\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch, kde v\u0161ude v\u011bc \u201eobrany k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed“ byla aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou.<\/p>\n

Roku 1190 vznikl ve Svat\u00e9 zemi tak\u00e9 \u201e\u0158\u00e1d \u0161pit\u00e1lu nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Panny Marie domu n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho v Jerusal\u00e9m\u011b“ – \u0158\u00e1d n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f.<\/em> Jeho vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm odznakem byl \u010dern\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e na b\u00edl\u00e9m pl\u00e1\u0161ti a jeho vnit\u0159n\u00ed ideovou n\u00e1plni m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u00e9\u010de o nemocn\u00e9 a slab\u00e9, ochrana uboh\u00fdch, vdov a sirotk\u016f. \u0158\u00e1d se stal v\u0161ak krut\u00fdm nositelem nejohavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mocensk\u00e9 doktr\u00edny, kterou st\u0159edov\u011bk v N\u011bmecku p\u0159ivedl na sv\u011bt, doktr\u00edny \u201eDrang nach Osten“.<\/em> Vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed \u0161lechta, ryt\u00ed\u0159stvo i c\u00edrkev ji v\u0159ele podporovaly, nebo\u0165 ve slovansk\u00e9m Prusku, v Pobalt\u00ed, Litv\u011b a Polsku \u010dekala nov\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed, nov\u00e9 suroviny a odbyti\u0161t\u011b, nov\u00ed nevoln\u00edci.<\/p>\n

Ji\u017e v roce 1201 vznik\u00e1 v Pobalt\u00ed p\u0159i \u00fast\u00ed Daugavy Riga jako centrum n\u011bmeck\u00e9 kolonizace, je zalo\u017een \u0158\u00e1d me\u010dov\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f<\/em> jako\u017eto organizace vojensk\u00e1. Roku 1237 do Pobalt\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed \u0158\u00e1d n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f<\/em> a ohn\u011bm a me\u010dem se zmocnil do r. 1283 Pruska. Po\u010d\u00e1tkem 14. stol. se n\u00e1sil\u00edm zmocnil Pomo\u0159an s Gda\u0148skem a vybil slovansk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo i tam. Jeho pl\u00e1nem bylo vytvo\u0159it jako z\u00e1kladnu pro dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdboje na v\u00fdchod pevn\u00fd, vojensky organizovan\u00fd st\u00e1t \u0159\u00e1du, rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se od Ruj\u00e1ny a\u017e k Finsk\u00e9mu z\u00e1livu. Na sklonku 14. stol. je \u0158\u00e1d n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f v Pobalt\u00ed pevn\u011b us\u00eddlen, na vrcholu sv\u00e9 moci a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v dosahu uskute\u010dnit sv\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny. Zb\u00fdvala \u201emali\u010dkost“ – dob\u00fdt Litvu, tehdy rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd a mocn\u00fd st\u00e1t, a rozd\u011blit Polsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Litva a Polsko v\u0161ak trpn\u011b ne\u010dekaly, a\u017e se nad nimi zav\u0159e vl\u010d\u00ed tlama \u0159\u00e1du. Na polsk\u00fd tr\u016fn nastoupil r. 1305 Litev\u010dan Jagiello s\u0148atkem s kr\u00e1lovnou Jadwigou a jedn\u00edm z jeho st\u00e1tnick\u00fdch \u010din\u016f bylo pok\u0159t\u011bn\u00ed litevsk\u00e9ho lidu. Pro\u010d by m\u011bl nyn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d vn\u00e1\u0161et do Litvy k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed me\u010dem? Ot\u00e1zka v\u00edry v\u0161ak byla jen formou pro rozpory spole\u010densk\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9. K v\u00e1lce mezi \u0159\u00e1dem na stran\u011b jedn\u00e9 a Polskem a Litvou na stran\u011b druh\u00e9 muselo doj\u00edt pr\u00e1v\u011b z t\u011bchto d\u016fvod\u016f. V roce 1409 vznikaj\u00ed ve Zmudi, uloupen\u00e9 Litv\u011b \u0159\u00e1dem, bou\u0159e a \u0159\u00e1d \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 od Vladislava Jagiella uji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee Polsko v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00e1lky s Litvou z\u016fstane stranou.<\/p>\n

Jagiello v\u0161ak slavnostn\u011b prohla\u0161uje, \u017ee Polsko v\u0161emi silami a prost\u0159edky pom\u016f\u017ee napaden\u00e9mu velk\u00e9mu kn\u00ed\u017eeti Litvy Witoldovi. To je pro \u0159\u00e1d v\u00edtan\u00e1 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina k vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u00e1lky a poslov\u00e9 velmistra Ulricha von Jungingen tuto v\u00fdzvu odn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed 6. 8. 1409 z Malborku polsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li. O deset dn\u016f pozd\u011bji u\u017e \u0159\u00e1dov\u00e1 vojska p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed hranice, zab\u00edraj\u00ed dobrzy\u0148skou oblast, p\u00e1l\u00ed a ni\u010d\u00ed kraj. Zima, tak jak je ve feud\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00e1le\u010dnictv\u00ed obvykl\u00e9, znamen\u00e1 p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed boj\u016f. Je uzav\u0159eno p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed a\u017e \u201edo z\u00e1padu slunce“ 24. 6. 1410. P\u0159est\u00e1vky ve v\u00e1lce vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ob\u011b strany k zes\u00edlen\u00ed vojska i k diplomatick\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm. \u0158\u00e1d naj\u00edm\u00e1 \u017eoldn\u00e9\u0159e a verbuje evropsk\u00e9 ryt\u00ed\u0159e pod korouhev sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed \u2014 pod korouhev host\u016f \u0159\u00e1du. Domlouv\u00e1 s uhersk\u00fdm kr\u00e1lem Zikmundem vp\u00e1d z Uher do polsk\u00e9ho t\u00fdlu, za 60 000 duk\u00e1t\u016f z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010desk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le V\u00e1clava jako rozhod\u010d\u00edho ve v\u011bci anexe Zmudi, vys\u00edl\u00e1 do evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f verb\u00ed\u0159e s propaga\u010dn\u00edmi hesly \u201ez\u00e1chrana k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed“ \u2014 \u201ez\u00e1chrana \u0161pit\u00e1lu n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho ryt\u00ed\u0159stva“.<\/em> Pracuje v\u0161ak i polsk\u00e1 strana, a to zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b u pape\u017ee Alexandra V., tak\u017ee \u0159\u00e1dov\u00ed verb\u00ed\u0159i se nesetk\u00e1vaj\u00ed s p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdmi \u00fasp\u011bchy u evropsk\u00fdch dvor\u016f. Tak\u00e9 Pol\u00e1ci se vojensky posiluj\u00ed a z \u010cech naj\u00edmaj\u00ed dv\u011b a p\u016fl korouhve osv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016f pod veden\u00edm pana Sokola z Lamberka, v nich\u017e je i jiho\u010desk\u00fd zeman Jan \u017di\u017eka z Trocnova.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"s<\/p>\n

Velkou osobnost\u00ed nejen t\u00e9to v\u00e1lky, ale evropsk\u00e9 politiky v\u016fbec byl polsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Vladislav Jagiello. Z\u00e1m\u011brem jeho strategick\u00e9 koncepce bylo soust\u0159edit na Visle polsk\u00e9 a litevsk\u00e9 vojsko a p\u0159es pontonov\u00fd most p\u0159ev\u00e9st arm\u00e1du. Spojen\u00e1 arm\u00e1da p\u0159enese v\u00e1lku na nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed a soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdm \u00fatokem dos\u00e1hne hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta \u0159\u00e1du Malborku.<\/p>\n

Klamn\u00e9 \u00fatoky na vedlej\u0161\u00edch sm\u011brech m\u011bly zast\u0159\u00edt skute\u010dn\u00fd \u00famysl a rozm\u011blnit k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e9 s\u00edly. I v tomto pl\u00e1nu je nov\u00fd rys st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed. Tehdej\u0161\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy neznaly soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fd \u00fatok, nebyly ve strategick\u00e9m smyslu vedeny k dosa\u017een\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho c\u00edle. Ta\u017een\u00ed byla vypln\u011bna ni\u010den\u00edm nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9ho hrani\u010dn\u00edho prostoru, dob\u00fdvaly se libovoln\u00e9 c\u00edle \u2014 hrady a m\u011bsta\u2014a rozhodnut\u00ed ve v\u00e1lce padlo v jedn\u00e9 velk\u00e9 bitv\u011b, ne p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 krut\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V l\u00e9t\u011b 1410 skon\u010dilo p\u0159im\u011b\u0159\u00ed. Po boj\u00edch v \u010dervenci, kdy Jagiello znovu osv\u011bd\u010dil sv\u016fj vojensk\u00fd talent, se 14. 8. ob\u011b arm\u00e1dy setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed tak\u0159ka na dost\u0159el v prostoru Lodwigowa \u2014 Tannenbergu a Grunwaldu.<\/em> P\u0159i\u0161el okam\u017eik, kdy je nutno sv\u00e9st rozhodnou bitvu.<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00e1dov\u00e9 vojsko, elita evropsk\u00e9ho ryt\u00ed\u0159stva, m\u00e1 na 40 000 lid\u00ed, j\u00e1drem je 21 000 jezdc\u016f-ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f. Pol\u00e1ci postavili do pole 18 000 jezdc\u016f t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 j\u00edzdy a 2000 p\u011b\u0161\u00edch, Litva 11 000 jezdc\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u0161ak lehk\u00fdch, a bylo z\u00edsk\u00e1no t\u00e9\u017e 2000 mu\u017e\u016f divok\u00e9 j\u00edzdy tatarsk\u00e9. Na boji\u0161ti st\u00e1lo proti sob\u011b 70 000 mu\u017e\u016f. P\u011bchota ztratila sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam, bitva byla z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed \u0161lechty, ryt\u00ed\u0159stva a jejich dru\u017ein. Tento r\u00e1z se projevoval i ve form\u00e1ch taktick\u00fdch a organiza\u010dn\u00edch. St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 vojsko bylo slo\u017eeno z r\u016fznorod\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch feud\u00e1l\u016f. \u00darove\u0148 v\u00fdzbroje byla r\u016fzn\u00e1, feud\u00e1lov\u00e9 se nepodrobovali vrchn\u00edmu velen\u00ed, tak\u017ee neexistovala k\u00e1ze\u0148. Tento charakter byl patrn\u00fd i ve veden\u00ed boje. Jsou sice zn\u00e1my n\u00e1stupov\u00e9 sestavy: linie, plot, kl\u00edn, ale vlastn\u00ed boj je individu\u00e1ln\u00edm soubojem ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f a jejich dru\u017ein.<\/p>\n

Novou taktiku a nov\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159inesly a\u017e doby pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy s rozvojem m\u011bst a nov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch forem p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na boji\u0161t\u011b znovu p\u011bchota m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u016f a svobodn\u00fdch sedl\u00e1k\u016f a kdy se za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed uj\u00edmat vl\u00e1dy paln\u00e9 zbran\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n

Archiv NoS<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 Ko\u0159ist, obchod, dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed a snad i trochu opravdov\u00e9 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u00edry p\u0159itahovalo od 11. stolet\u00ed tis\u00edce ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f Evropy k osmi k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2254,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[35,416,215],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2258"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2258"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2258\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2254"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2258"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}