{"id":2262,"date":"2015-09-24T21:32:38","date_gmt":"2015-09-24T19:32:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/vinnetouovi-potomci\/"},"modified":"2015-09-24T21:32:38","modified_gmt":"2015-09-24T19:32:38","slug":"vinnetouovi-potomci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/vinnetouovi-potomci\/","title":{"rendered":"Vinnetouovi potomci"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"vinnetou\"Pat\u0159ilo jim cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch USA, bylo jich podle velmi hrub\u00fdch odhad\u016f p\u0159es mili\u00f3n, byli to hrd\u00ed a \u010destn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 pr\u00e9rii i nebety\u010dn\u00fdch hor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dnes je jich asi 600 000. Vinnetouovi potomci a jejich indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kmeny tvo\u0159\u00ed pouhou \u010dtvrtinu procenta obyvatelstva USA. Tato nepatrn\u00e1 men\u0161ina je nav\u00edc kmenov\u011b velmi sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00e1. Sest\u00e1v\u00e1 asi z 20 kmen\u016f, rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v 250 rezervac\u00edch. Spravuje je washingtonsk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad pro indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti a p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00ed komisa\u0159i, dozorci nad indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Pat\u0159\u00edvalo jim v\u0161echno, p\u016fda, les i \u0159eky. Byli v\u0161ak v\u011bt\u0161inou uzav\u0159eni do p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch \u201eghet“ – rezervac\u00ed. Nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch obyvatel USA je ve st\u00e1t\u011b Nov\u00e9 Mexiko, asi 80 % indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 populace, zbytek \u017eije a\u017e na mal\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky v Utahu a Arizon\u011b. Indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 rezervace v\u0161ak nalezneme \u2014 mimo st\u00e1ty New York a Maryland \u2014 ve v\u0161ech st\u00e1tech USA. Maj\u00ed vyhrazeny mal\u00e9 oblasti, ter\u00e9n, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vhodn\u00fd pro orbu a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed rezervace byly z\u0159\u00edzeny ji\u017e v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed na Florid\u011b (jmenuj\u00ed se Siminole a Miccosukee), t\u0159i t\u00e1bory le\u017e\u00ed v Alabam\u011b (kmen Cherokees\u016f), \u010dty\u0159i na texasko-oklahomsk\u00e9 hranici (Koman\u010dov\u00e9, Fawneeov\u00e9, Had\u00ed Indi\u00e1ni a Cherokeesov\u00e9). S\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b Navaj\u016f a Miamc\u016f byla dislokov\u00e1na do st\u00e1t\u016f Illinois a Indiana, proslul\u00ed Siouxov\u00e9 se rozt\u00e1hli do t\u0159\u00ed sm\u011br\u016f, do st\u00e1t\u016f Ji\u017en\u00ed a Severn\u00ed Dakota a Colorado, jejich sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn\u00fd klan Yakton Sioux\u016f ob\u00fdv\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1tu Iowa. Apa\u010dov\u00e9, z nich\u017e poch\u00e1zel vyb\u00e1jen\u00fd Vinnetou, maj\u00ed sv\u00e1 skrovn\u00e1 lovi\u0161t\u011b ve dvou rezervac\u00edch u hranic Arizony s Mexikem. \u0160o\u0161onov\u00e9 byli str\u010deni do p\u011bti t\u00e1bor\u016f v Idahu, v severoz\u00e1padn\u00edm c\u00edpu USA. \u017dij\u00ed i v rezervaci ve st\u00e1t\u011b Wyomingu.<\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00ed obyvatele kontinentu dislokovala i Kalifornie. P\u0159esto v\u0161ak byla milosrdn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a pozd\u011bji propustila 20 indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch kmen\u016f na \u201evolnou nohu“. Zru\u0161ila p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed gheta a umo\u017enila Indi\u00e1n\u016fm soukrom\u011b hospoda\u0159it na pozemc\u00edch pronajat\u00fdch vl\u00e1dou.<\/p>\n

Hrstka Indi\u00e1n\u016f \u017eije v jednotliv\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch nebo t\u00e1bo\u0159i\u0161t\u00edch. Po deseti zcela indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch maj\u00ed st\u00e1ty Arizona, Severn\u00ed Oregon, Oklahoma a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed oblasti USA p\u0159i \u00fast\u00ed \u0159eky Sv. Vav\u0159ince. N\u00e1sleduj\u00ed roztrou\u0161en\u00e9 oblasti s men\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch t\u00e1bo\u0159i\u0161\u0165. Od v\u00fdchodu k z\u00e1padu to jsou: pr\u00e9rie a \u00fadol\u00ed Virginie (6), b\u0159ehy velk\u00fdch americko-kanadsk\u00fdch jezer (7), Montana (2).<\/p>\n

P\u0159ekvapuje Texas, kter\u00fd je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm feder\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fazem\u00edm, ale m\u00e1 toliko dv\u011b indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 vesnice. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed 100 lety zde byla p\u016fda velmi hork\u00e1 a indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kmeny tu vlastnily obrovsk\u00e9 krajiny.<\/p>\n

Indi\u00e1ni jsou tedy z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b roztrou\u0161eni po cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed St\u00e1t\u016f, nav\u017edy jsou poh\u0159beny jejich nad\u011bje na sjednocen\u00ed, jak o n\u011bm sn\u00edval Vinnetou. Po posledn\u00ed prohran\u00e9 v\u00e1lce v roce 1879 jim bylo dokonce zak\u00e1z\u00e1no p\u0159ekro\u010dit \u0159eku Mississippi, ur\u010denou za demarka\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ru.<\/p>\n

OB\u010cANSK\u00c1 PR\u00c1VA<\/p>\n

Indi\u00e1ni, kdysi p\u00e1ni americk\u00e9ho kontinentu, se stali bezpr\u00e1vn\u00fdmi. Nikoho nep\u0159ekvap\u00ed, \u017ee americk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed ob\u010danstv\u00ed dostali a\u017e v roce 1924. Takov\u00e1 u\u017e je spravedlnost dobyvatel\u016f.<\/p>\n

Darovan\u00e1 rovnopr\u00e1vnost v\u0161ak dlouho mnohdy existovala jen na pap\u00ed\u0159e. Povinnosti museli Indi\u00e1ni plnit do posledn\u00edho p\u00edsmene a plnit je dob\u0159e. Za druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky bojovalo v prvn\u00edch sledech americk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy 25 000 Indi\u00e1n\u016f a spolu s americk\u00fdmi Japonci dostali relativn\u011b nejv\u00edc vyznamen\u00e1n\u00ed za odvahu a state\u010dnost p\u0159ed nep\u0159\u00edtelem. P\u0159es 50 000 indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch \u017een pom\u00e1halo k v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v muni\u010dn\u00edch tov\u00e1rn\u00e1ch a zbrojovk\u00e1ch USA.<\/p>\n


<\/em><\/p>\n

\"indian
<\/em><\/p>\n

Obr. 1 Indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 rezervace a s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b<\/em><\/p>\n

\"indian<\/em><\/p>\n

Obr. 2 Indi\u00e1nsk\u00e1 populace (k 1990)<\/em><\/p>\n


<\/em><\/p>\n

Druh\u00e1 str\u00e1nka st\u00e1tn\u00edho ob\u010danstv\u00ed \u2014 ob\u010dansk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va \u2014 z\u016fst\u00e1vala jen na pap\u00ed\u0159e. Indi\u00e1ni byli v\u011bt\u0161inou bez zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee v rezervac\u00edch nebyly kvalitn\u00ed \u0161koly. Rostla kriminalita.<\/p>\n

M\u00fdlil by se ten, kdo by si p\u0159edstavoval indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 vesnice jako shluk jehlancovit\u00fdch stan\u016f \u2014vigvam\u016f. Stoj\u00ed sice je\u0161t\u011b tu a tam ve vesnic\u00edch, ale pouze jako atraktivn\u00ed magnet pro cizince a zv\u011bdav\u00e9 turisty, nebo slou\u017e\u00ed filmov\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm hollywoodsk\u00fdch producent\u016f. Indi\u00e1ni p\u0159eb\u00fdvali, kde se dalo, bu\u010f v maringotk\u00e1ch, nebo je\u0161t\u011b chud\u0161\u00edm obydl\u00ed. Nej\u010dast\u011bji ve vy\u0159azen\u00fdch \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch vag\u00f3nech. V\u00fdjimkou nebyly ani hlin\u011bn\u00e9 chatr\u010de a ch\u00fd\u0161e, jako p\u0159ed p\u016fltis\u00edcilet\u00edm. \u010cetn\u00e9 indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 rodiny \u017eily dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta ve vrac\u00edch aut.<\/p>\n

Indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 slunko za\u0161lo. Indi\u00e1ni u\u017e nejsou t\u00edm, \u010d\u00edm b\u00fdvali. Kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 typy lid\u00ed roz\u0159edila industrializace a dlouh\u00fd pobyt v rezervac\u00edch. Bled\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159 dnes u\u017e nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ij\u00edt o sv\u016fj skalp.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pat\u0159ilo jim cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edch USA, bylo jich podle velmi hrub\u00fdch odhad\u016f p\u0159es mili\u00f3n, byli to hrd\u00ed a \u010destn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2259,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[10],"tags":[34],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2262"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2262"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2262\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2259"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2262"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2262"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}