{"id":2265,"date":"2015-09-24T23:08:27","date_gmt":"2015-09-24T21:08:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/kartago-musi-byt-znieno\/"},"modified":"2015-09-24T23:08:27","modified_gmt":"2015-09-24T21:08:27","slug":"kartago-musi-byt-znieno","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2015\/09\/24\/kartago-musi-byt-znieno\/","title":{"rendered":"Kart\u00e1go mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zni\u010deno!"},"content":{"rendered":"

 \"scipio\"O vojenstv\u00ed antick\u00e9ho \u0158\u00edma je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee poskytuje nejdokonalej\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9m p\u011bchotn\u00ed taktiky v \u00fadob\u00ed p\u0159ed vynalezen\u00edm st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edm<\/em> \u2014 toto \u201en\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed \u00fa\u010delnosti a rozumu“<\/em> dle Hegela<\/em> \u2014 n\u00e1m p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed i nejv\u00fdsti\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formy st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci a mocensk\u00fdch konflikt\u016f v \u00fadob\u00ed otrok\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du.<\/p>\n

V druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 republice zcela p\u0159evl\u00e1dal otrok\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdrobn\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u2014 a nejen v \u0158\u00edm\u011b, ale t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v cel\u00e9 It\u00e1lii, kterou si \u0158\u00edm v \u0159ad\u011b v\u00e1lek podmanil. V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00ed zajatci rozmno\u017euj\u00ed \u0159ady otrok\u016f pracuj\u00edc\u00edch v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a obchod\u011b. Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 velkostatk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 \u0161lechta se d\u011bl\u00ed o politick\u00e9 panstv\u00ed se \u0161lechtou obchodnickou a bohat\u00fdmi plebejci. \u0158\u00edm vl\u00e1dne It\u00e1lii, je v \u010dele federace kmen\u016f a spojenc\u016f a p\u0159ipravuje se k nov\u00fdm v\u00fdboj\u016fm za z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed provinci\u00ed ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Zde v\u0161ak stoji p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eka \u2014 mocn\u00e9 otrok\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 Kart\u00e1go<\/em> v severn\u00ed Africe.<\/p>\n

Kart\u00e1go tedy muselo b\u00fdt oslabeno; zni\u010deno<\/em> \u2014 jak pozd\u011bji vytrvale zd\u016fraz\u0148oval p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti sen\u00e1tor Scipio<\/em> \u2014 (obr. 1)<\/em> aby se \u0158\u00edm mohl st\u00e1t vl\u00e1dnouc\u00edm st\u00e1tem ve St\u0159edozem\u00ed, aby p\u0159ibyly nov\u00e9 provincie a nov\u00ed otroci, aby jedn\u00edm slovem \u201e\u0158\u00edm vzkv\u00e9tal“.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"bitvaukann2\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kart\u00e1go<\/em> bylo st\u00e1tem otrok\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm a vl\u00e1dlo nad cel\u00fdm z\u00e1padn\u00edm St\u0159edozem\u00edm. Od 5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. bylo nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm obchodn\u00edm st\u00e1tem a na prosazen\u00ed sv\u00fdch mocensk\u00fdch z\u00e1jm\u016f si vydr\u017eovalo silnou n\u00e1mezdn\u00ed arm\u00e1du z mnoha n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed a velk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lo\u010fstvo, tvo\u0159en\u00e9 p\u011btipalubn\u00edmi kor\u00e1by. Mezi \u0158\u00edmem a Kart\u00e1gem z\u00e1konit\u011b tedy muselo dojit ke st\u0159etnut\u00ed o politickou a hospod\u00e1\u0159skou nadvl\u00e1du nad St\u0159edozem\u00edm, o nov\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. Vypukly v\u00e1lky punsk\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed v\u00e1lka trvala dvacet let, jako ostatn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161ina v\u00e1lek v antick\u00e9m \u00fadob\u00ed. V\u00e1lka v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nen\u00ed trval\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzem st\u0159etnut\u00ed, bojuje se jen v n\u011bkolika v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch bitv\u00e1ch, po nich\u017e se zdlouhav\u011b organizuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy zpravidla siln\u00e9 jen n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek tis\u00edc mu\u017e\u016f, vedou se dlouh\u00e1 obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed opevn\u011bn\u00fdch m\u011bst, prob\u00edhaj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed \u0161arv\u00e1tky a v\u00e1lku vyhr\u00e1v\u00e1 rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed bitva v trv\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkolika hodin.<\/p>\n

V prvn\u00ed punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce<\/em> \u0158\u00edm zv\u00edt\u011bzil d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu nov\u00e9mu v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9mu lo\u010fstvu. Z\u00edskal Sic\u00edlii, Sardinii a Korsiku a nam\u00edsto dosavadn\u00ed federace kmen\u016f a m\u011bst p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e i s provinciemi. Toto pos\u00edlen\u00ed \u0158\u00edma urychluje i vznik druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/em> (218-201 p\u0159ed n.l.). Ta v podstat\u011b rozhodla o nadvl\u00e1d\u011b \u0158\u00edma ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed a je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pro v\u00fdvoj vojensk\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm svou nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bitvou u Kann<\/em> roku 216, v n\u00ed\u017e se Hannibal zapsal mezi nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vojev\u016fdce d\u011bjin. Bitva u Kann<\/em> byla tak\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed bitvou antiky.<\/p>\n

Kartaginci se na st\u0159etnut\u00ed s \u0158\u00edmem dlouho p\u0159ipravovali. Jejich z\u00e1m\u011brem bylo v\u00e9st v\u00e1lku mimo africk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed. Proto vojev\u016fdci Hamilkar a Hasdrubal dob\u00fdvaj\u00ed Hisp\u00e1nii a\u017e po \u0159eku lberus (Ebro), vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed vojenskou z\u00e1kladnu Nov\u00e9 Kart\u00e1go a zesiluj\u00ed svou n\u00e1mezdnou arm\u00e1du. V jej\u00ed \u010delo se stav\u00ed roku 221 syn Hamilkar\u016fv \u2014 p\u011btadvacetilet\u00fd Hannibal. Roku 219 dobyl \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 spojeneck\u00e9 m\u011bsto v Hisp\u00e1nii Saguntum a to poskytlo z\u00e1minku k vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u00e1lky. \u0158\u00edm polo\u017eil Kart\u00e1gu nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9 ultimatum: vydat Hannibala<\/em>. V\u00e1lka byla zah\u00e1jena…<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 legie<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edman\u00e9 cht\u011bli p\u0159en\u00e9st v\u00e1lku s Kart\u00e1gem na boji\u0161t\u011b africk\u00e9 a hisp\u00e1nsk\u00e9. Vytvo\u0159ili dv\u011b vojska, veden\u00e1 konzuly Longem a Scipiem. Longus soust\u0159e\u010foval invazn\u00ed arm\u00e1du na Sic\u00edlii, Scipio t\u00e1hl do H\u00edsp\u00e1nie. Hannibal v\u0161ak p\u0159evzal otc\u016fv pl\u00e1n bojovat p\u0159\u00edmo na \u00fazem\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtele \u2014 v It\u00e1lii. Spr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b toto \u0158\u00edm nejm\u00e9n\u011b o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, a po\u010d\u00edtal, \u017ee po prvn\u00edm \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m ne\u00fasp\u011bchu p\u0159ejdou k n\u011bmu \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed \u201espojenci“ a severoitalsk\u00e9 gallsk\u00e9 kmeny. Na ja\u0159e 218 p\u0159.n.l. vytrhl tedy s 59 000 mu\u017ei (z toho 9 000 jezdc\u016f) z Hisp\u00e1nie, p\u0159e\u0161el Pyreneje a dne\u0161n\u00ed Francii a v listopadu provedl na tehdej\u0161\u00ed dobu neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd \u010din \u2014 b\u011bhem asi 10 a\u017e 14 dn\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010dil s celou arm\u00e1dou Alpy.<\/p>\n

(O jeho ztr\u00e1t\u00e1ch nejsou p\u0159esn\u00e9 \u00fadaje – d\u011bjepisec Polybios<\/em> ud\u00e1v\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ty na t\u0159icet tis\u00edc, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e byly mnohem men\u0161\u00ed vzhledem k p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9mu ro\u010dn\u00edmu obdob\u00ed a ke zn\u00e1m\u00e9 hou\u017eevnatosti n\u00e1mezdn\u00edho voj\u00e1ka.)<\/p>\n

Hannibalova arm\u00e1da<\/em> stanula v P\u00e1dsk\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017ein\u011b, doplnila se Gally, p\u0159es zimu si odpo\u010dinula a byla p\u0159ipravena na boje r. 217 p\u0159. n.l.<\/p>\n

Hannibal\u016fv p\u0159echod Alp p\u016fsobil v \u0158\u00edm\u011b jako bomba. Ob\u011b konzulsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy se rychle musely p\u0159esunout proti Kartaginc\u016fm, ale ji\u017e po\u010d\u00e1tkem r. 217 utrp\u011bly por\u00e1\u017eky na \u0159ek\u00e1ch Ticinu a Trebbili. Postup Hannibala na \u0158\u00edm m\u011bla zahradit vojska na pr\u016fchodech Apeninami u Arretia.<\/em> Hannibal v\u0161ak uchystal nov\u00e9 p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed \u2014 vyhnul se chystan\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece, o n\u00ed\u017e mu v\u010das referovala jeho v\u00fdborn\u00e1 v\u00fdzv\u011bdn\u00e1 slu\u017eba, a u\u010dinil oblouk.<\/p>\n

Jeho arm\u00e1da t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u00fdden postupovala bahnit\u00fdm povod\u00edm \u0159eky Arna,<\/em> m\u00edsty po prsa ve vod\u011b, ale \u00fa\u010delu bylo dosa\u017eeno: Hannibal obe\u0161el postaven\u00ed konzula Flaminia a u Trasimensk\u00e9ho jezera mu schystal dokonalou l\u00e9\u010dku v sout\u011bsk\u00e1ch. Cel\u00e1 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 Flaminiova arm\u00e1da a\u017e na \u0161est tis\u00edc mu\u017e\u016f zde byla i s konzulem pobita nebo zajata. Hannibal pro\u0161el do Apulie a zreorganizoval svou p\u011bchotu podle \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho vzoru.<\/p>\n

Ji\u017e tehdy se mu ujas\u0148ovala p\u0159esn\u00e1 koncepce budouc\u00edho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v rozhodn\u00e9 bitv\u011b.<\/p>\n

Se sveden\u00edm rozhodn\u00e9 bitvy vojensk\u00fd dikt\u00e1tor \u0158\u00edma Fabius<\/em> v\u00e1hal. V\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee \u010das pracuje pro n\u011bho, nebo\u0165 m\u011bl z\u00e1soby, mo\u017enost p\u0159e\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtele, zat\u00edmco Hannibal musel vsadit v\u0161e na v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed. Fabius si sv\u00fdm postojem z\u00edskal ozna\u010den\u00ed Cunctator (V\u00e1havec) a vzbudil nelibost \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch demokratick\u00fdch radik\u00e1l\u016f. Proto r. 216 p\u0159.n.l. byli op\u011bt zvoleni dva konzulov\u00e9 a jeden z nich \u2014 Gaius Terrent\u00edus Varro \u201ese zaslou\u017eil“ o to, \u017ee do\u0161lo r. 216 k rozhodn\u00e9 bitv\u011b u m\u011bste\u010dka Kann.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 O vojenstv\u00ed antick\u00e9ho \u0158\u00edma je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee poskytuje nejdokonalej\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9m p\u011bchotn\u00ed taktiky v \u00fadob\u00ed p\u0159ed vynalezen\u00edm st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2263,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[193,192,215],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2265"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2265"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2265\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2263"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2265"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2265"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}