{"id":2307,"date":"2020-04-14T00:07:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-13T22:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2016\/02\/20\/umberto-eco-odeel\/"},"modified":"2020-03-20T21:39:26","modified_gmt":"2020-03-20T20:39:26","slug":"umberto-eco-odeel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2020\/04\/14\/umberto-eco-odeel\/","title":{"rendered":"Umberto Eco byl v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd myslitel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Umberto Eco, tento geni\u00e1ln\u00ed italsk\u00fd s\u00e9miolog, estetik, filosof a spisovatel, n\u00e1s nav\u017edy opustil v roce 2016. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, p\u0159ipome\u0148me, jak p\u0159i vzpom\u00ednce na sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed d\u011btstv\u00ed ve fa\u0161istick\u00e9 It\u00e1lii, ur\u010dil Eco 14 p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f fa\u0161izmu. <br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>[1] Kult tradice. &#8222;Pravda ji\u017e byla jednou prov\u017edy a pro v\u0161echny sd\u011blena, a nyn\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme pouze interpretovat jej\u00ed nejasn\u00fd v\u00fdznam&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2] &#8222;Tradicionalismus implikuje odm\u00edtnut\u00ed modernismu. &#8230; Osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed, V\u011bk rozumu, je vid\u011bn jako po\u010d\u00e1tek modern\u00ed mravn\u00ed zk\u00e1zy. V tomto smyslu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd fa\u0161ismus definov\u00e1n jako iracionalismus.&#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[3] &#8222;Iracionalismus je tak\u00e9 z\u00e1visl\u00fd na kultu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed pro samotn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. &#8230; My\u0161len\u00ed je formou z\u017een\u0161tilosti. Kultura je proto podez\u0159el\u00e1 do t\u00e9 m\u00edry, do jak\u00e9 je identifikov\u00e1na s kritick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem. Projevem prafa\u0161ismu byla v\u017edy ned\u016fv\u011bra k intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edmu sv\u011btu&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[4] &#8222;\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 synkretick\u00e1 v\u00edra nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159est\u00e1t racion\u00e1ln\u00ed kriticismus. Kritick\u00fd duch rozli\u0161uje, a rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed je znakem modernismu. V modern\u00ed kultu\u0159e vychvaluje v\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita nesouhlas jako zp\u016fsob zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed. Pro prafa\u0161ismus p\u0159edstavuje nesouhlas zradu&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[5] &#8222;Krom\u011b toho, nesouhlas je znamen\u00edm rozmanitosti. Prafa\u0161ismus roste a hled\u00e1 shodu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm a posilov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho strahu z odli\u0161n\u00e9ho. Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdzvou fa\u0161istick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed je v\u00fdzva proti vet\u0159elc\u016fm. Prafa\u0161ismus je tak podle definice rasistick\u00fd&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[4] &#8222;\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 synkretick\u00e1 v\u00edra nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159est\u00e1t racion\u00e1ln\u00ed kriticismus. Kritick\u00fd duch rozli\u0161uje, a rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed je znakem modernismu. V modern\u00ed kultu\u0159e vychvaluje v\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita nesouhlas jako zp\u016fsob zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed. Pro prafa\u0161ismus p\u0159edstavuje nesouhlas zradu&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[5] &#8222;Krom\u011b toho, nesouhlas je znamen\u00edm rozmanitosti. Prafa\u0161ismus roste a hled\u00e1 shodu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm a posilov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho strahu z odli\u0161n\u00e9ho. Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdzvou fa\u0161istick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed je v\u00fdzva proti vet\u0159elc\u016fm. Prafa\u0161ismus je tak podle definice rasistick\u00fd&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[6] Prafa\u0161ismus se odvozuje od individu\u00e1ln\u00edch nebo spole\u010densk\u00fdch frustrac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[7] U ko\u0159en\u016f prafa\u0161istick\u00e9 psychologie je tedy posedlost spiknut\u00edm, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm. N\u00e1sledovn\u00edci se mus\u00ed c\u00edtit v oble\u017een\u00ed. Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed cestou k jeho vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je dovol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se xenofobie. Spiknut\u00ed ale mus\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1zet tak\u00e9 zevnit\u0159: nejlep\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem jsou obvykle \u017did\u00e9, proto\u017ee maj\u00ed tu v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee jsou sou\u010dasn\u011b uvnit\u0159 i venku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[8] N\u00e1sledovn\u00edci se mus\u00ed c\u00edtit pon\u00ed\u017eeni ok\u00e1zal\u00fdm bohatstv\u00edm a silou sv\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00e1tel. &#8230; Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt ale tak\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deni, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed sv\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1tele porazit. Neust\u00e1l\u00fdm p\u0159esouv\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b r\u00e9toriky jsou tak nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00ed i p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 slab\u00ed. Fa\u0161istick\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy jsou odsouzeny k prohran\u00fdm v\u00e1lk\u00e1m, proto\u017ee jsou od z\u00e1kladu neschopn\u00e9 objektivn\u011b posoudit s\u00edlu nep\u0159\u00edtele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[9] Pro prafa\u0161ismus neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd boj o \u017eivot, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e je \u017eivot \u017eit kv\u016fli boji. Pacifismus je proto kolaborac\u00ed s nep\u0159\u00edtelem. Je \u0161patn\u00fd, proto\u017ee \u017eivot je neust\u00e1l\u00e1 v\u00e1lka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[10] Typick\u00fdm aspektem ka\u017ed\u00e9 reakcion\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 ideologie je elit\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, a to do t\u00e9 m\u00edry, do jak\u00e9 je fundament\u00e1ln\u011b aristokratick\u00e1, a aristokratick\u00e9 a militaristick\u00e9 elit\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed znamen\u00e1 opovrhov\u00e1n\u00ed slab\u00fdmi. Prafa\u0161ismus m\u016f\u017ee obhajovat pouze lidov\u00e9 elit\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. V\u0161ichni ob\u010dan\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed mezi ty nejlep\u0161\u00ed z lid\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b, \u010dlenov\u00e9 strany pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejlep\u0161\u00ed ob\u010dany, ka\u017ed\u00fd ob\u010dan se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t \u010dlenem strany &#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[11] Ka\u017ed\u00fd je vychov\u00e1v\u00e1n, aby se stal hrdinou. &#8230; Tento kult hrdinstv\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b sv\u00e1z\u00e1n s kultem smrti. V nefa\u0161istick\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech je laick\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti \u0159\u00edk\u00e1no, \u017ee smrt je nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1, je ale t\u0159eba postavit se j\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u011b; v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edm je \u0159\u00edk\u00e1no, \u017ee jde o bolestiv\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak dos\u00e1hnout nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9ho \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Prafa\u0161ismus dycht\u00ed po hrdinsk\u00e9 smrti, kter\u00e1 je inzerov\u00e1na jako nejlep\u0161\u00ed odm\u011bna za hrdinsk\u00fd \u017eivot. Prafa\u0161istick\u00fd hrdina tou\u017e\u00ed netrp\u011bliv\u011b po smrti. Ve sv\u00e9 netrp\u011blivosti \u010dasto po\u0161le na smrt dal\u0161\u00ed lidi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[12] Proto\u017ee trval\u00e1 v\u00e1lka i hrdinstv\u00ed jsou t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 hry, prafa\u0161ista p\u0159esunuje svoj\u00ed v\u016fli k moci na sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti. Zde le\u017e\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tek machismu (ze kter\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 jak pohrd\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eenami, tak netolerance a odsuzov\u00e1n\u00ed nestandardn\u00edch sexu\u00e1ln\u00edch zvyk\u016f, od abstinence po homosexualitu).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[13] Prafa\u0161ismus je zalo\u017een na selektivn\u00edm populismu, dalo by se \u0159\u00edct kvalitativn\u00edm populismu. V demokracii maj\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 individu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1va, ob\u010dan\u00e9 jako celek maj\u00ed ale politick\u00fd vliv pouze z kvantitativn\u00edho \u00fahlu pohledu &#8211; \u010dlov\u011bk se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed rozhodnut\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161iny. V prafa\u0161ismu ale nem\u00e1 jednotlivec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 individu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1va jako jednotlivec, a lid je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za kvalitu, monolitickou entitu vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed Spole\u010dnou v\u016fli. Proto\u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed lid\u00ed nem\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt spole\u010dnou v\u016fli, V\u016fdce p\u0159edst\u00edr\u00e1, \u017ee je jej\u00edm vyklada\u010dem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[14] Prafa\u0161ismus hovo\u0159\u00ed newspeakem. Newspeak byl vymy\u0161len Orwellem v jeho 1984 &#8230; nicm\u00e9n\u011b prvky prafa\u0161ismu jsou spole\u010dn\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00fdm form\u00e1m diktatur. V\u0161echny nacistick\u00e9 nebo fa\u0161istick\u00e9 u\u010debnice pou\u017e\u00edvaly ochuzen\u00fd slovn\u00edk a jen z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u011btnou skladbu, aby omezily n\u00e1stroje nutn\u00e9 pro komplexn\u00ed a kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Umberto Eco (5.1.1932 \u2013 19.2.2016): V\u011b\u010dn\u00fd fa\u0161ismus.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Umberto Eco, tento geni\u00e1ln\u00ed italsk\u00fd s\u00e9miolog, estetik, filosof a spisovatel, n\u00e1s nav\u017edy opustil v roce 2016. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, p\u0159ipome\u0148me, jak p\u0159i vzpom\u00ednce na sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed d\u011btstv\u00ed ve fa\u0161istick\u00e9 It\u00e1lii, ur\u010dil Eco 14 p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f fa\u0161izmu. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2527,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[435,10],"tags":[51,136],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2307"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2307"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2307\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2785,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2307\/revisions\/2785"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2527"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}