{"id":2314,"date":"2016-05-13T17:05:56","date_gmt":"2016-05-13T15:05:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2016\/05\/13\/chladne-zbran\/"},"modified":"2016-05-13T17:05:56","modified_gmt":"2016-05-13T15:05:56","slug":"chladne-zbran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2016\/05\/13\/chladne-zbran\/","title":{"rendered":"Chladn\u00e9 zbran\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"chladne0\"Jako v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti podl\u00e9haj\u00ed i zbran\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9 klasifikaci.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Co to vlastn\u011b jsou chladn\u00e9 zbran\u011b? Je to nejstar\u0161\u00ed skupina zbran\u00ed, kter\u00fdch se od d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob u\u017e\u00edvalo pro boj zbl\u00edzka. Rozli\u0161ujeme je d\u00e1le na zbran\u011b se\u010dn\u00e9, bodn\u00e9 a \u00fadern\u00e9 a celou skupinu je\u0161t\u011b vnit\u0159n\u011b d\u011bl\u00edme na zbran\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 (pobo\u010dn\u00e9) a dlouh\u00e9 (kop\u00ed, sudlice, halapartna, cep atd.).<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny tyto zbran\u011b se vyvinuly z prad\u00e1vn\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, jich\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk u\u017e\u00edval pro svou obranu a k boji o ko\u0159ist, tedy z kyje, kamenn\u00e9 sekery, mlatu, z kop\u00ed s pazourkov\u00fdm hrotem atd. Ale a\u017e pozn\u00e1n\u00ed kovu a jeho v\u00fdroba podstatn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bly k rozvoji zbran\u00ed. Dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed rozmanit\u00e9 tvary, maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost a trvanlivost. Objevuj\u00ed se prvn\u00ed kovov\u00e9 sekyry, no\u017ee a me\u010de.<\/p>\n

   Slovan\u00e9 me\u010d p\u016fvodn\u011b neznali; u\u017e\u00edvali m\u00edsto n\u011bho velk\u00fdch no\u017e\u016f a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mohutn\u00fdch seker \u2014 bradatic, jejich\u017e v\u00fdroba nebyla tak n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1. Me\u010d \u2014 nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chladn\u00e1 zbra\u0148 st\u0159edov\u011bku \u2014 pronikl ke Slovan\u016fm franck\u00fdm a nordick\u00fdm vlivem, a to patrn\u011b koncem 7. a po\u010d\u00e1tkem 8. stolet\u00ed; z t\u00e9to doby tak\u00e9 poch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u0161eslovansk\u00fd n\u00e1zev me\u010d. Tato zbra\u0148 vznikla z formy germ\u00e1nsko-\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9. Germ\u00e1ni nepou\u017e\u00edvali dlouh\u00e9ho me\u010de \u2014 ten poznali teprve u Gal\u016f.<\/p>\n

Rovn\u011b\u017e \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali dlouho sv\u00e9ho klasick\u00e9ho kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho pobo\u010dn\u00e9ho me\u010de \u2014 gladiusu. Pozd\u011bji galsk\u00fd dlouh\u00fd me\u010d zdom\u00e1cn\u011bl i v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m vojsku pod n\u00e1zvem spatha a \u0161\u00ed\u0159il se op\u011bt na sever za R\u00fdn a za Dunaj. Zde se z t\u00e9to formy, zvan\u00e9 galsko-merovejsk\u00e1, vyvinul v 5. stolet\u00ed me\u010d typick\u00fd pro germ\u00e1nskou a pozd\u011bji i pro slovanskou v\u00fdzbroj \u2014 me\u010d karolinsk\u00fd. Dlouhou dobu si udr\u017eoval jednotn\u00fd tvar a rozm\u011br.<\/p>\n

Karolinsk\u00fd me\u010d, nazvan\u00fd podle franck\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Karla Velik\u00e9ho, se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z dlouh\u00e9, \u0161irok\u00e9, mas\u00edvn\u00ed a oboustrann\u011b brou\u0161en\u00e9 \u010depele, uvnit\u0159 po d\u00e9lce \u017el\u00e1bkovan\u00e9, kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed v tup\u011b zahrocen\u00e9 plekno. Tato zbra\u0148 byla pouze se\u010dnou, nebo\u0165 seky byly tehdy pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za vra\u017eedn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e body a bylo jimi mo\u017eno daleko l\u00e9pe proniknout ochrannou zbroj\u00ed protivn\u00edka. V horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti vyb\u00edh\u00e1 \u010depel v dlouh\u00fd trn, na n\u011bm\u017e je p\u0159ipevn\u011bn j\u00edlec, slo\u017een\u00fd ze t\u0159\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u2014 z p\u0159\u00ed\u010dky, rukojeti a jablka. Charakteristick\u00fdmi znaky tohoto germ\u00e1nsko-slovansk\u00e9ho me\u010de jsou zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159e \u010depele a tup\u00fd hrot, kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 rovn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dka a homolovit\u00e9 jablko.<\/p>\n

\"chladne2\"<\/p>\n

ME\u010c PRO OB\u011a RUCE<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tkem 11. stolet\u00ed se objevuje nov\u00e1 tvarov\u00e1 tendence, sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed jednak ke zten\u010den\u00ed \u010depele a za\u0161pi\u010dat\u011bn\u00ed hrotu (zbra\u0148 se st\u00e1v\u00e1 tak\u00e9 bodnou), jednak k prodlou\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dky a ke zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed cel\u00e9ho j\u00edlce. Me\u010d se zasouval do pochvy, je\u017e byla slo\u017eena ze dvou d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch nebo kovov\u00fdch pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165\u016f, pota\u017een\u00fdch v\u011bt\u0161inou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed, nebo byla cel\u00e1 z kovov\u00fdch plech\u016f. Povrch byl \u010dasto tak bohat\u011b zdoben\u00fd, \u017ee ztratit pochvu bylo daleko nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e ztratit samotn\u00fd me\u010d, i kdy\u017e i me\u010d b\u00fdval \u010dasto tak\u00e9 velmi bohat\u011b zdoben.<\/p>\n

Koncem 12. stolet\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k prodlu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rukojeti me\u010de, a\u017e kone\u010dn\u011b nab\u00fdv\u00e1 takov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky, \u017ee je nutno jej dr\u017eet ob\u011bma rukama. Tak vznikly obouru\u010dn\u00ed me\u010de v\u00fd\u0161ky lidsk\u00e9 postavy, s nimi\u017e bojovn\u00edci tvo\u0159ili v 16. stolet\u00ed elitu p\u011bchoty. Za svou slu\u017ebu v poli tak\u00e9 dost\u00e1vali dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00fd \u017eold a t\u011b\u0161ili se velk\u00e9 \u00fact\u011b. Boj s obouru\u010dn\u00edm me\u010dem byl velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd a vy\u017eadoval velkou fyzickou s\u00edlu, obratnost a dovednost.<\/p>\n

Ve 13. stolet\u00ed se objevuje zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 \u00faprava jilce me\u010de. Rukoje\u0165 se pro lep\u0161\u00ed dr\u017een\u00ed omot\u00e1v\u00e1 ko\u017een\u00fdmi p\u00e1sky, pozd\u011bji dr\u00e1tem nebo \u0159et\u00edzky. P\u0159esto se v\u0161ak zbra\u0148 p\u0159i mohutn\u00fdch \u00faderech nedr\u017eela v dr\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e9 \u010di ko\u017een\u011b rukavici zrovna dob\u0159e. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9 veden\u00ed b\u0159itu \u010depele bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9. Ryt\u00ed\u0159i si vypom\u00e1hali t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010dku sv\u00e9ho me\u010de obj\u00edmali ukazov\u00e1kem. Jestli\u017ee v\u0161ak dv\u011b \u010depele sklouzly po sob\u011b, prst to zpravidla odnesl. Proto byl v p\u0159\u00ed\u010dce p\u0159ipev\u0148ov\u00e1n kovov\u00fd oblou\u010dek, jen\u017e chr\u00e1nil ukazov\u00e1\u010dek. Tento oblou\u010dek m\u011bl patrn\u011b vliv na pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vznik mohutn\u00fdch ko\u0161\u016f, kter\u00e9 u bodn\u00fdch a se\u010dn\u00fdch zbran\u00ed chr\u00e1nily celou ruku.<\/p>\n

\"chladne3\"<\/p>\n

KOP\u00cd – TYPICK\u00c1 ZBRA\u0147 SLOVANSK\u00c9HO BOJOVN\u00cdKA<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e ryt\u00ed\u0159 \u0159\u00edt\u00edc\u00ed se do boje na zp\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9m h\u0159ebci s\u00e1hl po me\u010di, mlatu, seky\u0159e \u010di bij\u00e1ku, pou\u017eil oby\u010dejn\u011b jin\u00e9 chladn\u00e9 zbran\u011b, a to kop\u00ed neboli v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho d\u0159evce. T\u00e9to zbran\u011b se u\u017e\u00edvalo jen v prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi boje, dokud byl mezi soupe\u0159i dostatek m\u00edsta a mohlo se t\u00e9\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edt velmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho n\u00e1razu d\u0159evce za prudk\u00e9 j\u00edzdy, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem bylo srazit protivn\u00edka na zem, kde byl tak\u0159ka bezbrann\u00fd. Kop\u00ed bylo dlouho hlavn\u00ed a typickou zbran\u00ed slovansk\u00e9ho bojovn\u00edka a po\u017e\u00edvalo v\u017edy jak\u00e9si posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 \u00facty. Slovansk\u00e1 kn\u00ed\u017eata jsou na nejstar\u0161\u00edch obrazech zpodobov\u00e1na v\u011bt\u0161inou jen s kop\u00edm v ruce, nikoli s me\u010dem.<\/p>\n

Rovn\u011b\u017e tak bojov\u00e1 sekyra je starou slovanskou zbran\u00ed. Byl to i velmi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. U\u017e\u00edvali ji jezdci (oby\u010dejn\u011b jako sekyry vrhac\u00ed) i p\u011b\u0161\u00ed bojovn\u00edci. Rozd\u00edl byl jen v d\u00e9lce n\u00e1sady. Vlastn\u00ed sekyra m\u011bla horn\u00ed stranu rovnou s ost\u0159\u00edm m\u00edrn\u011b obloukov\u00fdm, vyb\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edm dol\u016f ve \u0161pici. Mimo tento tvar se vyskytuje i mnoho jin\u00fdch obm\u011bn.<\/p>\n

Archiv Nos<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jako v\u0161echny ostatn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti podl\u00e9haj\u00ed i zbran\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9 klasifikaci.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2311,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[6],"tags":[40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2314"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2314"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2314\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2311"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2314"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2314"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2314"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}