{"id":2363,"date":"2016-08-03T17:02:14","date_gmt":"2016-08-03T15:02:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2016\/08\/03\/lidska-torpeda\/"},"modified":"2016-08-03T17:02:14","modified_gmt":"2016-08-03T15:02:14","slug":"lidska-torpeda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2016\/08\/03\/lidska-torpeda\/","title":{"rendered":"Lidsk\u00e1 torp\u00e9da"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Kapit\u00e1n italsk\u00e9 ponorky se pod\u00edval na hodinky. Je 00:30, p\u00ed\u0161e se 20. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1941. Vyk\u0159ikl posledn\u00ed povel a pak na mo\u0159skou hladinu z\u00e1livu bl\u00edzko Gibraltaru dopadlo velk\u00e9 torp\u00e9do. Bylo dlouh\u00e9 bezm\u00e1la sedm metr\u016f. A neobvykl\u00e9. Sed\u011bli v n\u011bm dva lid\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Zam\u00ed\u0159ili ke skupin\u011b britsk\u00fdch lod\u00ed stoj\u00edc\u00edch v z\u00e1livu. Zvedaly se velk\u00e9 vlny a siln\u00fd v\u00edtr. Prvn\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk v torp\u00e9du si \u010das od \u010dasu sejmul kysl\u00edkovou masku. Vyhl\u00e9dl si ob\u011b\u0165 a \u0159\u00eddil najisto. Dostal se skryt\u011b a\u017e k boku velk\u00e9 tankov\u00e9 lod\u011b s britskou vlajkou. Oba upevnili komoru torp\u00e9da s t\u0159emi centy trhaviny k boku ob\u011bti a spustili \u010dasovan\u00fd strojek. Pak rychle plavali ku b\u0159ehu. Sotva uc\u00edtili pevninu pod nohama, rozlehl se v\u00fdbuch. Tankov\u00e1 lo\u010f se rozlomila, vzplanula a rychle klesala ke dnu.<\/p>\n

Britsk\u00e1 admiralita po n\u011bkolika dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech nevych\u00e1z\u00ed z \u00fadivu. Plynuly m\u011bs\u00edce a z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 konce lod\u00ed se za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed vysv\u011btlovat.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Kalend\u00e1\u0159 u\u017e ukazuje rok 1942. Do oken kabinetu \u0161t\u00e1bu ponorkov\u00e9ho lo\u010fstva v Lond\u00fdn\u011b nahl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed skoup\u00e9 \u00fanorov\u00e9 slunce. Britsk\u00fd admir\u00e1l l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed skupin\u011b vysok\u00fdch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f, jak \u0161est italsk\u00fdch torp\u00e9d \u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch lidmi napadlo britsk\u00e9 lo\u010fstvo v Alexandrii a b\u011bhem noci zni\u010dilo dv\u011b velk\u00e1 plavidla. Na z\u00e1v\u011br admir\u00e1l dod\u00e1v\u00e1: \u201eNa\u0161e admiralita se rozhodla postavit odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed zbra\u0148. \u00dakol m\u00e1me usnadn\u011bn. Poda\u0159ilo se n\u00e1m uko\u0159istit v prostoru \u00fatoku jedno torp\u00e9do, je\u017e m\u011blo poruchu.“<\/p>\n

\u00a0 31. 10. 1942 se k jednomu z norsk\u00fdch fjord\u016f p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil britsk\u00fd ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd parn\u00edk Artur. Dostal se a\u017e na 15 mil k n\u011bmeck\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed lodi. Nikdo netu\u0161il, ze pod k\u00fdlem ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 lod\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt smrtonosn\u00e1 zbra\u0148. Kdy\u017e v\u0161ak dal britsk\u00fd kapit\u00e1n povel k vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch torp\u00e9d, za\u017eil nesm\u00edrn\u00e9 zklam\u00e1n\u00ed. Bou\u0159e je zni\u010dila. Kr\u00e1tce nato si to v\u0161ak jeho dal\u0161\u00ed britsk\u00fd kolega vynahradil. Lidsk\u00e1 torp\u00e9da britsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby a v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b italsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu zni\u010dila dva k\u0159i\u017en\u00edky a po\u0161kodila t\u0159i torp\u00e9doborce.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Hitlerov\u0161t\u00ed konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i necht\u011bli z\u016fstat pozadu. Na ja\u0159e r. 1944 vyzkou\u0161eli \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 torp\u00e9do \u201eNegger“. Byla to vlastn\u011b dv\u011b spojen\u00e1 torp\u00e9da. V horn\u00edm sed\u011bl \u010dlov\u011bk v kabin\u011b a spodn\u00ed pak odd\u011blil v bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti c\u00edle. Nev\u00fdhodou v\u0161ak bylo, \u017ee musel plout po hladin\u011b, a proto se dal snadno v\u010das odhalit. Ani s dal\u0161\u00edm zdokonalen\u00fdm typem lidsk\u00e9ho torp\u00e9da, kter\u00e9 se ji\u017e mohlo pono\u0159it, nedos\u00e1hli nacist\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 V nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e se v\u0161ak na t\u00e9to zbrani za\u010dalo pracovat v Japonsku. Situaci uleh\u010doval bezmezn\u00fd samurajsk\u00fd fanatismus. \u010clov\u011bk se stal konstruk\u010dn\u00edm detailem dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm torp\u00e9do. Ve\u0159ejnosti bylo d\u00e1no na srozum\u011bnou, \u017ee v torp\u00e9du bude mechanismus umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 pos\u00e1dce v\u010das opustit kabinu. Konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i v\u0161ak od sam\u00e9ho za\u010d\u00e1tku s ni\u010d\u00edm podobn\u00fdm nepo\u010d\u00edtali. Propo\u010dty uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee p\u0159i rychlosti 40 uzl\u016f je to technicky nemo\u017en\u00e9, a kdyby se \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159ece jen p\u0159ed v\u00fdbuchem odpoutal, zni\u010d\u00ed ho hydraulick\u00fd \u00fader po v\u00fdbuchu.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 V \u00fanoru 1944 skon\u010dily zkou\u0161ky nov\u00e9 zbran\u011b. Lidsk\u00e1 torp\u00e9da se za\u010dala vyr\u00e1b\u011bt masov\u011b. V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1944 vydala japonsk\u00e1 admiralita p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b tajn\u00fd rozkaz: \u201eZ\u0159izuje se tajn\u00e1 \u0161kola pod k\u00f3dov\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm Z\u00e1kladna 11.“ Ve skute\u010dnosti \u0161kola sebevrah\u016f. Hl\u00e1s\u00ed se prvn\u00ed dobrovoln\u00edci – n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci. Je to v\u0161ak drah\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1bor prob\u00edh\u00e1 mezi \u017e\u00e1ky n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch leteck\u00fdch u\u010dili\u0161\u0165. To je lacin\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed. Ze dvou tis\u00edc dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f vy\u0159adili \u017eenat\u00e9, zdravotn\u011b nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed a nechali jen 200 adept\u016f smrti. Pak je na \u201eZ\u00e1kladn\u011b 11″ p\u0159ivedli k ocelov\u00e9mu doutn\u00edku dlouh\u00e9mu kolem 15 metr\u016f a o pr\u016fm\u011bru 1 metru. Pod vodou dos\u00e1hl rychlosti p\u0159es 55 km\/h. V p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti byla n\u00e1lo\u017e 550 kg trhaviny. Za rakev slou\u017eila st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st, kde byly p\u0159\u00edstroje, \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a periskop.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 Prvn\u00ed bojovou akci zah\u00e1jila skupina ponorek \u201eKikusun“ (kiku = chryzant\u00e9ma, sun = voda). Na palub\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e9 ponorky byla \u010dty\u0159i lidsk\u00e1 torp\u00e9da. Velen\u00ed p\u0159evzal osobn\u011b velitel 6. flotily viceadmir\u00e1l Miva. Dvan\u00e1cti mlad\u00fdm d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016fm – adept\u016fm smrti vystrojil 6. 11. 1942 slavnostn\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159i. V\u0161echny jejich poz\u016fstalosti byly zabaleny pro odesl\u00e1n\u00ed poz\u016fstal\u00fdm. Vedle adres bylo p\u0159ips\u00e1no: \u201eP\u0159ed\u00e1n Jeho Veli\u010denstvu na v\u011b\u010dnost“ nebo \u201eJaponsko – v\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 zem\u011b boh\u016f“. \u0158idi\u010dem torp\u00e9d dali mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edd\u011bly vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch lah\u016fdek a lihovin. N\u00e1sledoval kr\u00e1tk\u00fd ceremoni\u00e1l: Ka\u017ed\u00fd dostal \u0161avli, hudba zahr\u00e1la pochod c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9ho lo\u010fstva, pak byly p\u0159\u00edpitky. Za nejdojemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na slova Sekino Nisina; \u201eVezmu s sebou do torp\u00e9da popel jednoho p\u0159\u00edtele, jen\u017e zahynul p\u0159i zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch na\u0161\u00ed zbran\u011b. Nech\u0165 se i po smrti z\u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed \u00fatoku!“<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Zdokonalen\u00fd typ torp\u00e9da ur\u010den\u00fd pro nasazen\u00ed na voln\u00e9m mo\u0159i<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159ed akc\u00ed zanechal Nisina tento dopis v podob\u011b neofici\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bti: \u201eDenn\u00ed pr\u016fzkum vyp\u00e1tral 100 nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch lod\u00ed. Je to pro n\u00e1s p\u0159ekr\u00e1sn\u00e1 mo\u017enost, ale m\u00e1me jen osm torp\u00e9d. Je to m\u00e1lo, jak\u00e1 \u0161koda! D\u00edky za tu pomoc, kter\u00e1 mi byla poskytnuta. P\u0159edejte pozdrav v\u0161em, kdo\u017e m\u011b budou n\u00e1sledovat!“<\/em><\/p>\n

Nisina sed\u00ed v p\u011bt hodin r\u00e1no soust\u0159ed\u011bn ve sv\u00e9 rakvi. Americk\u00e1 tankov\u00e1 lo\u010f Mississippi netu\u0161\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed. Po sedmi minut\u00e1ch ohromn\u00fd v\u00fdbuch. Z\u00e1\u0159e po\u017e\u00e1ru osv\u011btluje kilometry mo\u0159sk\u00e9 hladiny. Osud ostatn\u00edch lidsk\u00fdch torp\u00e9d z\u016fstal nevyjasn\u011bn. Ani jedno nezas\u00e1hlo c\u00edl.<\/p>\n

Japonsk\u00e1 admiralita proto chystala dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fader mnohem pe\u010dliv\u011bji. Zformovala skupinu ponorek \u201eKongo“. Ale i jej\u00ed akce nedopadla podle o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Nezni\u010dila jedin\u00e9 plavidlo protivn\u00edka, zato ztratila jednu ponorku a devaten\u00e1ct torp\u00e9d. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee \u00fatoky proti kotv\u00edc\u00edm lod\u00edm nep\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed efekt. Admiralita proto rozhodla nasazovat lidsk\u00e1 torp\u00e9da na voln\u00e9m mo\u0159i. Pro tento \u00fa\u010del je zmodernizovala. \u0158idi\u010d mohl p\u0159estoupit z ponorky do torp\u00e9da pod vodou. Rychlost torp\u00e9da se zv\u00fd\u0161ila na 74 km\/h a v\u00e1ha trhaviny vzrostla na 1500 kg.<\/p>\n

V \u010dervnu 1945 vyplulo na voln\u00e9 mo\u0159e celkem 23 ponorek, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 m\u011bla \u0161est \u0159iditeln\u00fdch torp\u00e9d nov\u00e9ho typu. Byl to posledn\u00ed zoufal\u00fd pokus japonsk\u00e9ho velen\u00ed zvr\u00e1tit situaci. Podle japonsk\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f se jim poda\u0159ilo potopit 32 americk\u00fdch lod\u00ed. Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 v\u0161ak p\u0159izn\u00e1vaj\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Celkem 60 \u0159idi\u010d\u016f t\u011bchto torp\u00e9d dobrovoln\u011b nastoupilo \u201eposmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot“ a dal\u0161\u00edch 16 se rozlou\u010dilo s pozemsk\u00fdm sv\u011btem je\u0161t\u011b za v\u00fdcviku a zkou\u0161ek.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kapit\u00e1n italsk\u00e9 ponorky se pod\u00edval na hodinky. Je 00:30, p\u00ed\u0161e se 20. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1941. Vyk\u0159ikl posledn\u00ed povel a pak na<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1129,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2363"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2363"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2363\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1129"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}