{"id":2381,"date":"2017-02-13T20:01:43","date_gmt":"2017-02-13T19:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2017\/02\/13\/pocatky-letecke-vyzbroje\/"},"modified":"2017-02-13T20:01:43","modified_gmt":"2017-02-13T19:01:43","slug":"pocatky-letecke-vyzbroje","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2017\/02\/13\/pocatky-letecke-vyzbroje\/","title":{"rendered":"Po\u010d\u00e1tky leteck\u00e9 v\u00fdzbroje"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\"\"B\u00fdt letcem v prvn\u00edch dnech prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky bylo docela romantick\u00e9. Dvojplo\u0161n\u00edky nebyly ozbrojen\u00e9 a ryt\u00ed\u0159skost letc\u016f \u010dasto neznala mez\u00ed. \u0160la dokonce tak daleko, \u017ee kdy\u017e se dva soupe\u0159i potkali ve vzduchu, zd\u00e1lky na sebe m\u00e1vali, a to je za\u010dalo velmi brzo mrzet.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed vzdu\u0161n\u00fd souboj v historii v\u00e1lek se odehr\u00e1l patrn\u011b 9. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1914 nad rusko-rakousk\u00fdmi z\u00e1kopy. Rusk\u00fd pilot nadporu\u010d\u00edk N\u011bst\u011bro<\/em>v si vzal do kabiny sv\u00e9ho letounu typu Morane lodn\u00ed kotvu, p\u0159ed \u00fatokem ji vypustil na lan\u011b z kabiny a jal se honit sv\u00e9ho protivn\u00edka. \u00dasp\u011bch nem\u011bl. P\u0159i praktick\u00fdch zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch zahynul tento pr\u016fkopn\u00edk leteck\u00e9ho boje i se svou ob\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 1 Takto byly z letadel vrh\u00e1ny cel\u00e9 svazky ocelov\u00fdch \u0161\u00edp\u016f. P\u011b\u0161\u00e1ci jim \u0159\u00edkali Tich\u00e1 smrt<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/em><\/p>\n

Obr. 2 Na velk\u00fdch letounech se k palubn\u00edm kulomet\u016fm vystupovalo od motorov\u00fdch gondol po \u017eeb\u0159\u00edku<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/em><\/p>\n

Obr. 3. Prvn\u00ed pumy, hmotnost od 12,5 do 1000 kg<\/em><\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00edm posl\u00e1n\u00edm letectva byl pr\u016fzkum. Jen\u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u00edc lidi se potk\u00e1valo z obou stran ve vzduchu, t\u00edm rostla vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 nevra\u017eivost. Pozorovatel si bral jeden nebo dva mausery, a jakmile byla konkurence v dost\u0159elu, p\u00e1lil jak mohl. Pu\u0161ky byly m\u00e1lo \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b za neklidn\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed, kdy to letounem h\u00e1zelo, a tak p\u0159i\u0161el kone\u010dn\u011b ke slovu kulomet. Byl bu\u010f nad horn\u00edm k\u0159\u00eddlem a pilot ho odpaloval t\u00edm, \u017ee tahal za lanko vedouc\u00ed ke spou\u0161ti, nebo byl kulomet v oto\u010dn\u00e9 lafet\u011b u kabiny pozorovatele.<\/p>\n

Lep\u0161\u00edmu a spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed kulometu br\u00e1n\u00ed vrtule. Objevily se pokusy st\u0159\u00edlet jej\u00edm okruhem, \u010dili synchronizovat palbu s ot\u00e1\u010dkami. Je to slo\u017eit\u00e1 technick\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost a Francouzi pro jistotu \u201epanc\u00e9\u0159ovali\u201c vrtule sv\u00fdch \u201emoran\u016f“. Do kulomet\u016f nav\u00edc pou\u017e\u00edvali n\u00e1boje s m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdmi st\u0159elami.<\/p>\n

Jak rostl v\u00fdkon motor\u016f, zlep\u0161ovaly se nejen letov\u00e9 vlastnosti stroj\u016f, ale stoupala i jejich nosnost. A tak nebylo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 vymyslet, jak\u00fdmi dal\u0161\u00edmi zp\u016fsoby by mohlo letectvo su\u017eovat t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd \u017eivot p\u011b\u0161\u00e1ka v z\u00e1kopech. Nejd\u0159\u00edve se z letoun\u016f svrh\u00e1valy \u0161\u00edpy s ostr\u00fdmi kovov\u00fdmi bodci, dokonce v cel\u00fdch svazc\u00edch. Bylo to nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 nejen pro p\u011bchotu, ale zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pro kon\u011b. \u0160\u00edpy v\u0161ak nebyly zase tak nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, aby mohly ovliv\u0148ovat v\u00fdsledek boje.<\/p>\n

Letectvo proto sah\u00e1 po nov\u00e9 zbrani. Jsou to ru\u010dn\u00ed gran\u00e1ty a miny. St\u0159elec nebo pilot je vyhazuj\u00ed z kabiny, ale p\u011b\u0161\u00e1k\u016fm ukryt\u00fdm v hlubok\u00fdch z\u00e1kopech nem\u016f\u017ee mal\u00fd gran\u00e1t vadit.<\/p>\n

Mezit\u00edm v\u0161ak konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i projektuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed letouny, d\u00e1vaj\u00ed jim siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed motory, a tak se objevuj\u00ed bombard\u00e9ry. T\u011bm u\u017e nesta\u010d\u00ed ani ru\u010dn\u00ed gran\u00e1t, ani mina nebo d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e1 munice, a proto se pro n\u011b za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011bt speci\u00e1ln\u00ed pumy. Ty se upev\u0148uj\u00ed pod trup, pod k\u0159\u00eddla. A m\u00e1lokdo v\u00ed, \u017ee kr\u00e1tce po pum\u00e1ch se u letoun\u016f objevily i prvn\u00ed rakety. Francouzsk\u00fd letoun \u201eNieuport 12″ m\u00e1 mezi k\u0159\u00eddly osm raket a ke konci v\u00e1lky s nimi sest\u0159eluje n\u011bmeckou vzducholo\u010f. Letci, ba ani konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i v\u0161ak tomuto druhu v\u00fdzbroje p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed, maj\u00ed z n\u011bho prost\u011b strach. Proto je d\u00e1v\u00e1na p\u0159ednost st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm r\u00e1\u017e\u00edm a koncem prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se objevuj\u00ed dokonce 37mm palubn\u00ed kan\u00f3ny. St\u0159\u00edlej\u00ed ov\u0161em jednotliv\u00fdmi ranami, nebo\u0165 tehdej\u0161\u00ed letoun by asi rychlopalbu vlastn\u00edho kan\u00f3nu t\u011b\u017eko p\u0159e\u010dkal.<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e formy leteck\u00e9ho boje byly primitivn\u00ed, vy\u0161lo z nich letectvo jako nov\u00fd druh vojska v\u00edt\u011bzn\u011b. O jeho prudk\u00e9m pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m rozvoji bylo rozhodnuto.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 4. Prvn\u00ed bombard\u00e9ry<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 5. St\u0159elec u oto\u010dn\u00e9ho kulometu. P\u0159ed n\u00edm pilot<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 6. Gran\u00e1ty jsou u\u017e zav\u011b\u0161eny po stran\u00e1ch trupu. Dal\u0161\u00ed si bere pozorovatel do kabiny<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Archiv\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 B\u00fdt letcem v prvn\u00edch dnech prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky bylo docela romantick\u00e9. Dvojplo\u0161n\u00edky nebyly ozbrojen\u00e9 a ryt\u00ed\u0159skost letc\u016f \u010dasto<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2319,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2381"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2381"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2381\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2319"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}