{"id":400,"date":"2008-06-25T14:16:46","date_gmt":"2008-06-25T12:16:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2008\/06\/25\/jak-nastoupil-faismus-v-nmecku\/"},"modified":"2008-06-25T14:16:46","modified_gmt":"2008-06-25T12:16:46","slug":"jak-nastoupil-faismus-v-nmecku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2008\/06\/25\/jak-nastoupil-faismus-v-nmecku\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak nastoupil fa\u0161ismus v N\u011bmecku"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"logo\"Jeho n\u00e1stupu bylo mo\u017eno zabr\u00e1nit sjednocen\u00edm v\u0161ech protifa\u0161istick\u00fdch sil. To ov\u0161em predpokl\u00e1dalo zejm\u00e9na spolupr\u00e1ci dvou nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch d\u011blnick\u00fdch stran – soci\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e9 a komunistick\u00e9. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed NSDAP<\/strong> <\/p>\n

V \u010dervencov\u00fdch volb\u00e1ch 1932 z\u00edskala NSDAP 13,7 milion\u016f hlas\u016f a stala se nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stranou v N\u011bmecku. Hitler vyu\u017eil volebn\u00edho \u00fasp\u011bchu a po\u017eadoval \u00fa\u0159ad \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho kancl\u00e9\u0159e. Proto byl rozpu\u0161t\u011bn \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd sn\u011bm a vypsany nov\u00e9 volby na listopad. V t\u011bchto volb\u00e1ch ji\u017e NSDAP dostala o 2 miliony hlas\u016f m\u00e9n\u011b, zat\u00edmco komunist\u00e9 z\u00edskali o 600.000 hlas\u016f v\u00edce ne\u017e v \u010dervenci a jejich vliv za\u010dal stoupat. V N\u011bmecku se za\u010dala vytv\u00e1\u0159et revolu\u010dn\u00ed situace. Ulice mnoha n\u011bmeck\u00fdch m\u011bst se staly m\u00edstem \u010detn\u00fdch nacistick\u00fdch boj\u016fvek. Za t\u00e9to situace kanl\u00e9\u0159 von Papen odstoupil a nov\u00fdm kancl\u00e9\u0159em byl jmenov\u00e1n gener\u00e1l von Schleicher. Ten se znovu pokusil o dohodu s Hitlerem, ale marn\u011b. Kdy\u017e ztroskotala jeho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s protivn\u00edky Hitlera v NSDAP, rozhodl se 28.l.1933 odstoupit. Prezident Hindenburg jmenoval 30.l.1933 \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fdm kancl\u00e9\u0159em Adolfa Hitlera. Fa\u0161ismus v N\u011bmecku slavil sv\u00e9 prvn\u00ed v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed. Jeho n\u00e1stupu bylo mo\u017eno zabr\u00e1nit sjednocen\u00edm v\u0161ech protifa\u0161istick\u00fdch sil. To ov\u0161em predpokl\u00e1dalo zejm\u00e9na spolupr\u00e1ci dvou nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch d\u011blnick\u00fdch stran – soci\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e9 a komunistick\u00e9. <\/p>\n

Zastoupen\u00ed politick\u00fdch stran v \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9m sn\u011bmu v letech 1928-1933: <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\t\t\tRok\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t1928<\/strong><\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t1930<\/strong><\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\tVII.32<\/strong><\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\tXI.1932<\/strong><\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\tIII.1933<\/span><\/strong> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\t\t\tSoci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t153<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t143<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t133<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t121<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t120<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\t\t\tKomunistick\u00e1 strana N\u011bmecka<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t54<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t77<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t89<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t100<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t81<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\t\t\tN\u011bmeck\u00e1 demokratick\u00e1 strana<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t25<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t20<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t4<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t2<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t5<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\t\t\tN\u011bmeck\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 strana<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t45<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t30<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t7<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t11<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t2<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\t\t\tStrana Centra<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t62<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t68<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t75<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t70<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t73<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\t\t\tNSDAP<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t12<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t107<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t230<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t196<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\t\t\t288<\/span> \t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0Po\u017e\u00e1r \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho sn\u011bmu<\/strong> <\/p>\n

27. \u00fanora 1933 po dev\u00e1t\u00e9 hodin\u011b je zap\u00e1len \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd sn\u011bm v Berl\u00edn\u011b. Na m\u00edst\u011b \u010dinu je zadr\u017een holandsk\u00fd st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk Marinus van der Lubbe. Zat\u00edmco zat\u010den\u00fd je teprve vysl\u00fdch\u00e1n, Hitler, G\u00f6ring a Goebbels u\u017e s novin\u00e1\u0159i mluv\u00ed o "komunistick\u00fdch pali\u010d\u00edch" a "sv\u011btov\u00e9m bol\u0161evick\u00e9m spiknut\u00ed". Od za\u010d\u00e1tku je kolem p\u0159\u00edpadu mnoho z\u00e1had a pochybnost\u00ed. Doru\u010ditel zpr\u00e1vy o po\u017e\u00e1ru nen\u00ed na policejin\u00ed stanici dot\u00e1zan na jm\u00e9no, sv\u011bdci m\u011bn\u00ed svou v\u00fdpov\u011bd, jsou zavra\u017ed\u011bni nebo miz\u00ed beze stopy. O to, \u017ee se o 10. hodin\u011b v divok\u00e9m sp\u011bchu vy\u0159\u00edt\u00ed z ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed budovy nedostate\u010dn\u011b od\u011bn\u00fd poslanec NSDAP kolem vr\u00e1tn\u00e9ho a \u0159et\u011bzem SA-man\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jinak nikoho nepropustili, neprojevuj\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ovatel\u00e9 nejmen\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1jem. T\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je jejich z\u00e1jem o zpr\u00e1vu v\u00fdpomocn\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edka, \u010dlena NSDAP, kter\u00fd vypravuje, \u017ee pr\u00fd komunistick\u00fd poslanec Ernst Torgler byl je\u0161te o osm\u00e9 hodin\u011b ve\u010der v \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9m sn\u011bmu. Hned p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed den fa\u0161istick\u00e1 propaganda hl\u00e1s\u00ed: "Ohniv\u00fd sign\u00e1l komunistick\u00e9 revoluce! Komunist\u00e9 zap\u00e1lili \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fd sn\u011bm! Holandsk\u00fd komunista van der Lubbe se p\u0159iznal!" <\/p>\n

7. b\u0159ezna se hl\u00e1s\u00ed \u010d\u00ed\u0161n\u00edk z restaurace Bavorsk\u00fd dv\u016fr, \u010dlen NSDAP, na policejn\u00edm prezidiu. Vid\u011bl toti\u017e plak\u00e1t slibuj\u00edc\u00ed odm\u011bnu 20.000 marek tomu, kdo p\u0159isp\u011bje k odhalen\u00ed spoluvinn\u00edk\u016f \u017eh\u00e1\u0159e van der Lubbe. Zcela v rozporu s v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010fmi sv\u00fdch koleg\u016f pod\u00e1v\u00e1 ud\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee van der Lubbe v l\u00e9t\u011b a pozd\u011b na podzim roku 1932 se sch\u00e1zel v Bavorsk\u00e9m dvo\u0159e s podez\u0159el\u00fdmi cizinci, kte\u0159\u00ed tam pr\u00fd chod\u00ed pravideln\u011b. O dva dny pozd\u011bji hl\u00e1s\u00ed, \u017ee cizinci jsou tu zase. Krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00faredn\u00edk se ihned odbere do restaurace, kde jsou zat\u010den\u00ed t\u0159i mu\u017ei: p\u0159edseda bulharsk\u00e9 komunistick\u00e9 strany Georgi Dimitrov a jeho dva mlad\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 Tan\u011bv a Popov.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kaz KSN<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Zap\u00e1len\u00ed \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho sn\u011bmu dne 27.2.1933 Hitlerov\u00fdmi p\u0159isluhova\u010di bylo sign\u00e1lem k teroristick\u00e9mu n\u00e1stupu n\u011bmeckeho fa\u0161ismu proti komunistick\u00e9mu hnut\u00ed. Bulharsk\u00fd komunista Georgi Dimitrov v inscenovan\u00e9m Lipsk\u00e9m procesu, ve kter\u00e9m byl hlavn\u00edm ob\u017ealovan\u00fdm, strhl Hitlerovi masku a p\u0159ed cel\u00fdm sv\u011btem odhalil pravou tv\u00e1\u0159 barbarsk\u00e9ho fa\u0161ismu. Ten se jasn\u011b projevil bezuzdn\u00fdm terorem proti Komunistick\u00e9 stran\u011b N\u011bmecka a pozd\u011bji i proti ostatn\u00edm stran\u00e1m. Byly zak\u00e1zany a jejich majetek byl rozkraden. <\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ce komunist\u016f v odboji<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Komunist\u00e9 byli od za\u010d\u00e1tku odhodl\u00e1ni k odboji proti fa\u0161ismu. Proto\u017ee p\u0159evzet\u00ed moci fa\u0161isty je p\u0159ekvapilo, nebyli v\u0161ak dostate\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipraveni ani na otev\u0159en\u011b veden\u00fd masov\u00fd odboj, ani na pr\u00e1ci v ilegalit\u011b. P\u0159esto za\u010dali \u010dlenov\u00e9 KSN, kte\u0159\u00ed unikli vln\u011b zat\u00fdk\u00e1n\u00ed po vyp\u00e1len\u00ed \u0158\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho sn\u011bmu s agitac\u00ed proti re\u017eimu a vybudov\u00e1n\u00edm tajn\u00fdch skupin a bu\u0148ek. V samotn\u00e9m N\u011bmecku neexistovalo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed veden\u00ed, odboj vedli funkcion\u00e1\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed emigrovali do zahrani\u010d\u00ed. Ti se \u0159\u00eddili hlavn\u011b pokyny Kominterny. <\/p>\n

KSN bojovala proti fa\u0161ismu mj. podporou st\u00e1vek a demonstrac\u00ed. Sna\u017eila se vyh\u00fdbat fyzick\u00e9mu n\u00e1sil\u00ed, ale vysv\u011btlit lidem pravdu o zr\u016fdn\u00e9 fa\u0161istick\u00e9 ideologii a vyvr\u00e1tit l\u017ei fa\u0161istick\u00e9 propagandy. Velk\u00fd rozruch budily akce jako zalo\u017een\u00ed rud\u00fdch odbor\u016f, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed rud\u00fdch vlajek na kom\u00ednech, p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1n\u00ed ulic nebo p\u0159ost\u0159ihnut\u00ed veden\u00ed proudu p\u0159i Hitlerov\u011b \u0159e\u010di ve Stuttgartu. <\/p>\n

V b\u0159eznu 1933 bylo zat\u010deno p\u0159es 11.000 \u010dlen\u016f KSN. Proto se veden\u00ed strany v \u010dervnu rozd\u011blilo na zahrani\u010dn\u00ed a dom\u00e1c\u00ed sekci v Berl\u00edn\u011b. Bl\u00edzko n\u011bmeck\u00fdch hranic z\u0159\u00eddila KSN "pohrani\u010dn\u00ed stanice", p\u0159es kter\u00e9 udr\u017eovala kontakt do zahrani\u010d\u00ed. P\u0159es tyto stanice tak\u00e9 pa\u0161ovala let\u00e1ky ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 v zahrani\u010d\u00ed s v\u00fdzvami k \u00fa\u010dasti ve st\u00e1vk\u00e1ch, demonstrac\u00edch a akc\u00edch KSN, informacemi o soci\u00e1ln\u00edch nespravedlnostech, ur\u00fdvky z Komunistick\u00e9ho manifestu, cit\u00e1ty Marxe, Engelse a Lenina jako\u017e i noviny se zpr\u00e1vami o praktik\u00e1ch fa\u0161ist\u016f a koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1borech, praktick\u00e9 n\u00e1vody k odboji, rady jak se chovat p\u0159ed soudem, karikatury starost\u016f, zpr\u00e1vy o zlo\u010dinech fa\u0161ismu v tom kter\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b apod. a p\u0159ijala komunistick\u00e9 uprchl\u00edky. <\/p>\n

N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed komunist\u00e9 byli bezpochybn\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed skupinou v dom\u00e1c\u00edm protifa\u0161istick\u00e9m odboji. Podle ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f tvo\u0159ili celkem 75% odbojov\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed (soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9 15% a k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 3%). Celkem zem\u0159ela b\u011bhem obdob\u00ed fa\u0161ismu asi polovina \u010dlen\u016f KSN, co\u017e je stejn\u011b velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st jako u \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 KS\u010c.\u00a0<\/p>\n

D\u016fvody v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed fa\u0161ismu<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Stejn\u011b tak velk\u00e9 jako nad\u0161en\u00ed N\u011bmc\u016f v revolu\u010dn\u00edch letech 1918-19 bylo zklam\u00e1n\u00ed v letech 1932-33. D\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edct, ze hlavn\u00ed d\u016fvody pro pos\u00edlen\u00ed pravicov\u00fdch extremist\u016f byly n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: <\/p>\n

– sv\u011btov\u00e1 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize, kterou n\u011bmeck\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy p\u0159ed rokem 1933 nezm\u00edrnily a kter\u00e1 se naopak se kv\u016fli neschopnosti vl\u00e1dnouc\u00edch stran pozn\u00e1vat soci\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9my je\u0161t\u011b prohlubovala <\/p>\n

– por\u00e1\u017eka v prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce a nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 reparace, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly zna\u010dn\u00e9 dopady na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, <\/p>\n

– z\u00e1jem velkopr\u016fmyslu a kapitalist\u016f o hospod\u00e1\u0159sky siln\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed st\u00e1ty (hlavn\u011b N\u011bmecko) jako "hr\u00e1z proti bol\u0161evismu", <\/p>\n

– neznalost a nepochopen\u00ed fa\u0161istick\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed (nikdo si nedovedl p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee fa\u0161ist\u00e9 cht\u011bj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b vyvra\u017edit \u017eidy a za\u010d\u00edt novou v\u00e1lku), <\/p>\n

– nedemokratick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed a chov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech politick\u00fdch stran (m\u00edsto spole\u010dnych akc\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 strany si vz\u00e1jemn\u011b cht\u011bly vnutit svou v\u016fli). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jeho n\u00e1stupu bylo mo\u017eno zabr\u00e1nit sjednocen\u00edm v\u0161ech protifa\u0161istick\u00fdch sil. To ov\u0161em predpokl\u00e1dalo zejm\u00e9na spolupr\u00e1ci dvou nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch d\u011blnick\u00fdch stran – soci\u00e1ln\u011b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[64],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/400"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=400"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/400\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=400"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=400"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=400"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}