{"id":405,"date":"2008-06-30T17:46:17","date_gmt":"2008-06-30T15:46:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2008\/06\/30\/sudety-odsun-nebo-vyhnani-2\/"},"modified":"2008-06-30T17:46:17","modified_gmt":"2008-06-30T15:46:17","slug":"sudety-odsun-nebo-vyhnani-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2008\/06\/30\/sudety-odsun-nebo-vyhnani-2\/","title":{"rendered":"SUDETY &#8211; ODSUN NEBO VYHN\u00c1N\u00cd ? (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-3\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/10\/logo.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"logo\" title=\"logo\" hspace=\"5\" vspace=\"5\" width=\"100\" height=\"65\" align=\"left\" \/>PO\u010c\u00c1TKY NACIONALISMU <\/p>\n<p> <!--more--> <\/p>\n<p> <strong>\u010cesk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p> V politick\u00fdch boj\u00edch a rozep\u0159\u00edch dal\u0161\u00edch let m\u011blo v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv tzv. historick\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo \u010desk\u00e9. Podle Dr. Karla Kram\u00e1\u0159e (1896) (l, str. 137) ur\u010dovalo \u010desk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z nerozlu\u010diteln\u00e9 jednoty t\u0159i zem\u00ed &#8211; \u010cech, Moravy a Slezska, pom\u011br k Habsbursk\u00e9 monarchii, stejn\u011b jako k ostatn\u00edm zem\u00edm a ur\u010dovalo i \u00fastavn\u00ed pr\u00e1va a dal\u0161\u00ed kompetence zem\u00ed Koruny \u010desk\u00e9. Podoba \u00fastavy v\u0161ak nem\u011bla b\u00fdt ni\u010d\u00edm trval\u00fdm, n\u00fdbr\u017e se m\u011bla p\u0159izp\u016fsobovat sv\u011btov\u00fdm d\u011bjin\u00e1m. T\u00edmto m\u011blo odvol\u00e1n\u00ed se na \u010desk\u00e9 historick\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo umo\u017enit pop\u0159en\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoliv politick\u00e9ho po\u017eadavku. Nezni\u010ditelnou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed platnost tohoto pr\u00e1va objas\u0148oval Kram\u00e1\u0159 v roce 1915 t\u00edm, \u017ee zem\u011b Koruny \u010desk\u00e9 byly do roku 1749 pr\u00e1v\u011b tak samostatn\u00fdm st\u00e1tem jako Uhry nebo zem\u011b rakousk\u00e9. M\u00fdtu \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho pr\u00e1va podlehli i jin\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 na\u0161\u00ed politick\u00e9 sc\u00e9ny (Palack\u00fd, Dr. Gr\u00e9gr&#8230;). Proti odvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se na \u010desk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo se postavili politi\u010dt\u00ed mluv\u010d\u00ed N\u011bmc\u016f cel\u00e9ho Rakouska a to v z\u00e1jmu rakousk\u00e9ho centralismu a kv\u016fli nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavovalo pro n\u011bmeckou n\u00e1rodnost a jej\u00ed vliv ve st\u00e1t\u011b. Na tomto pr\u00e1vu postaven\u00e1 zem\u011b by toti\u017e N\u011bmc\u016fm p\u0159iznala men\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1va, ne\u017e jak\u00fdm se t\u011b\u0161ili jako\u017eto rakou\u0161t\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9. D\u016fle\u017eitou roli zde tak\u00e9 hr\u00e1ly n\u011bmeck\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti s \u010desk\u00fdm v\u00fdkladem rovnopr\u00e1vnosti tam, kde byli \u010ce\u0161i ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky vid\u011bli N\u011bmci ve spr\u00e1vn\u00edm dvojd\u011blen\u00ed \u010cech na z\u00e1klad\u011b jazykov\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f. Pro toto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sv\u011bd\u010dila existence 55 ze 77 \u010dist\u011b n\u011bmeck\u00fdch soudn\u00edch okres\u016f (1890) v jednom jedin\u00e9m celku, t\u00e1hnouc\u00edm se od Chebu po Liberec (l, str. 139). \u010ce\u0161i se v\u0161ak postavili proti tomuto rozd\u011blen\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b historick\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va \u010desk\u00e9ho. <\/p>\n<p> R\u016fzn\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edho sporu, vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di jazykov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, a\u0165 u\u017e z \u010desk\u00e9 \u010di n\u011bmeck\u00e9 strany (Giskra, Taaffe &#8211; 1899, von Korber 1900 &#8211; 1903, Sturght, Schaffle, Rieger, emmersdorfsk\u00e1 konference, (1, str. 145), byly neust\u00e1le odm\u00edt\u00e1ny bu\u010f \u010deskou nebo n\u011bmeckou stranou a jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bylo odsouv\u00e1no do neur\u010dita a to a\u017e do vypuknut\u00ed prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky (1914). <\/p>\n<p> N\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed rozpor se neust\u00e1le vyost\u0159oval. Zat\u00edmco \u010ce\u0161i usilovali o prosazen\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho pr\u00e1va a jejich po\u017eadavky se st\u00e1le radikalizovaly (hlavn\u011b u Mlado\u010dech\u016f), po\u017eadovali N\u011bmci v rakousk\u00e9m \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9m sn\u011bmu zaveden\u00ed n\u011bm\u010diny jako st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0159e\u010di v \u010cech\u00e1ch a v \u010desk\u00e9m sn\u011bmu rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u010cech na dv\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00ed oblasti &#8211; \u010deskou a n\u011bmeckou (\u010desk\u00e1 strana realist\u016f, jej\u00edm\u017e v\u016fdcem v t\u00e9 dob\u011b byl T. G. Masaryk, pova\u017eovala \u010desk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo ve sv\u00e9 nejradik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podob\u011b za utopii a p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u011bla se k n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edmu spr\u00e1vn\u00edmu d\u011blen\u00ed). Doch\u00e1zelo k ost\u0159ej\u0161\u00edm invektiv\u00e1m p\u0159i ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch vystoupen\u00edch i v parlamentech, p\u0159i nich\u017e se ob\u011b strany navz\u00e1jem oso\u010dovaly a napadaly. Zde vid\u00edme, \u017ee n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed t\u0159enice mezi \u010cechy a N\u011bmci na \u010desk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed za\u010daly ji\u017e p\u0159ed vznikem samostatn\u00e9ho \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. \u010cesk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo se v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku ve sv\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed podob\u011b neprosadilo, nicm\u00e9n\u011b bylo jasn\u00fdm d\u016fkazem ji\u017e tehdej\u0161\u00ed snahy vybudovat \u010desk\u00fd st\u00e1t jako st\u00e1t nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed a stalo se pozd\u011bji jedn\u00edm z ideov\u00fdch z\u00e1klad\u016f, na nich\u017e byl \u010desk\u00fd st\u00e1t zalo\u017een. <\/p>\n<p> <strong>Moravsk\u00e9 vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p> Moravsk\u00e9 vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed bylo z\u0159ejm\u011b jedin\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, jeho\u017e bylo dosa\u017eeno. Jednalo se o my\u0161lenku principu personality, s n\u00ed\u017e jako prvn\u00ed vystoupil E. Kristan, av\u0161ak rozpracoval j\u00ed a do kone\u010dn\u00e9 f\u00e1ze dovedl Dr. Karel Renner a to v n\u00e1rodn\u00edm katastru, na jeho\u017e podklad\u011b se konaly volby do moravsk\u00e9ho zemsk\u00e9ho sn\u011bmu roku 1906 (l, str. 147). V z\u00e1jmu vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed se N\u011bmci dobrovoln\u011b z\u0159ekli sv\u00e9ho privilegovan\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed v zemsk\u00e9m sn\u011bmu. D\u00e1le do\u0161lo k rozd\u011blen\u00ed zemsk\u00e9 \u0161kolsk\u00e9 rady na n\u011bmeckou a \u010deskou a k zaveden\u00ed dvojjazy\u010dnosti p\u0159i autonomn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159adech. Na \u010cechy jako celek v\u0161ak nem\u011blo toto vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv. Moravsk\u00e9 vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed bylo prvn\u00ed a bohu\u017eel i posledn\u00ed snahou o urovn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edho sporu mezi \u010cechy a N\u011bmci p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed plnopr\u00e1vnosti n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed men\u0161iny. Bylo d\u016fkazem toho, \u017ee n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku lze vy\u0159e\u0161it i cestou sm\u00edru. <\/p>\n<p> Na tomto m\u00edst\u011b bych cht\u011bl up\u0159esnit pojem Sudety. N\u00e1zev Sudety nesla od konce roku 1918 jedna z provinci\u00ed, tzv. Deutschbohmen (n\u00e1zev, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edvalo n\u011bmeck\u00e9 obyvatelstvo), zauj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00ed pohrani\u010dn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed Severn\u00edch \u010cech, Slezska a Severn\u00ed Moravy. Jako\u017eto \u00fazemn\u011b politick\u00e9ho pojmu za\u010dalo b\u00fdt ve 30. letech n\u00e1zvu Sudety pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no v souvislosti s v\u00fdbojn\u00fdmi pl\u00e1ny N\u011bmecka. Od \u0159\u00edjna 1938 bylo jako Sudetenland ozna\u010deno \u00fazem\u00ed zabran\u00e9 na z\u00e1kl. Mnichovsk\u00e9 dohody. Od dubna 1939 do kv\u011btna 1945 nesla tento n\u00e1zev (resp. Sudetengau) \u00fa\u0159edn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00ed jednotka n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, se spr\u00e1vn\u00edm centrem v Liberci, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed zabran\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed od Ostravy a\u017e po Doma\u017elice. Po roce 1945 p\u0159estaly Sudety ofici\u00e1ln\u011b existovat. <\/p>\n<p> V dob\u011b prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byli \u010ce\u0161i zpo\u010d\u00e1tku se st\u00e1topr\u00e1vn\u00edmi prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edmi<br \/> zdr\u017eenliv\u00ed a vesm\u011bs projevovali loajalitu v\u016f\u010di rakousk\u00e9mu mocn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Naproti tomu v T\u0159ikr\u00e1lov\u00e9 deklaraci z roku 1918 po\u017eadovali \u010ce\u0161i nez\u00e1visl\u00fd \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd st\u00e1t. Pr\u00e1vo na sebeur\u010den\u00ed pro sudetsk\u00e9 N\u011bmce prohl\u00e1sili v t\u00e9to souvislosti za utopii, nebo\u0165 &quot;\u010desk\u00fd st\u00e1t mus\u00ed povstat v historick\u00fdch hranic\u00edch &quot;(l. str. 152). Na politick\u00e9 po\u017eadavky \u010cech\u016f reagovali n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed poslanci z \u010cech v \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9 rad\u011b 21.ledna 1918 po\u017eadavkem autonomn\u00ed zem\u011b Deutschbohmen, se v\u0161emi vlastnostmi a pr\u00e1vy korunn\u00ed zem\u011b v r\u00e1mci rakousk\u00e9ho mocn\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Dne 4.\u0159\u00edjna 1938 se \u010deskon\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed poslanci \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9 rady, s odvol\u00e1n\u00edm na pr\u00e1vo na sebeur\u010den\u00ed, usnesli na vytvo\u0159en\u00ed t\u00e9to provincie. V\u0161echny n\u011bmeck\u00e9 strany \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9 rady uznaly l0.\u0159\u00edjna spole\u010dn\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm pr\u00e1vo na sebeur\u010den\u00ed pro slovansk\u00e9 a rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody, po\u017eadovaly je v\u0161ak sou\u010dasn\u011b tak\u00e9 pro n\u00e1rod n\u011bmeck\u00fd. <\/p>\n<p> Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PO\u010c\u00c1TKY NACIONALISMU<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[83,82],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/405"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=405"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/405\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=405"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}