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VZNIK \u010cESKOSLOVENSKA <\/p>\n VZNIK \u010cESKOSLOVENSKA <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
V prosinci 1914 ode\u0161el prof. Tom\u00e1\u0161 G. Masaryk na Z\u00e1pad, kde se sna\u017eil z\u00edskat pro vznik \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho pr\u00e1va dohodov\u00e9 mocnosti. V roce 1915 v Clevelandu uzav\u0159el T. G. Masaryk s \u010desk\u00fdmi a slovensk\u00fdmi organizacemi dohodu, podle n\u00ed\u017e se po\u010d\u00edtalo s federativn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm obou n\u00e1rod\u016f v budouc\u00edm st\u00e1t\u011b. V roce 1916 zalo\u017eil N\u00e1rodn\u00ed radu \u010deskoslovenskou, v r. 1918 z\u00edskal Pittsburskou dohodou, v n\u00ed\u017e p\u0159iznal Slovensku autonomii v oblasti spr\u00e1vy, kultury a rovn\u011b\u017e samostatn\u00fd sn\u011bm, Slov\u00e1ky v USA pro \u010deskou politiku a v l\u00e9t\u011b se mu spolu s jeho pomocn\u00edkem, gener\u00e1ln\u00edm sekret\u00e1\u0159em N\u00e1rodn\u00ed rady Dr. Edvardem Bene\u0161em poda\u0159ilo z\u00edskat od st\u00e1t\u016f Dohody uzn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska jako v\u00e1l\u010d\u00edc\u00ed strany. Dne 28.10.1918 provolal v Praze \u010cesk\u00fd n\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdbor, zalo\u017een\u00fd v \u010dervnu 1918, samostatn\u00fd \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd st\u00e1t.
Po vzniku samostatn\u00e9ho \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu vyvstal probl\u00e9m n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edch men\u0161in s je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pal\u010divost\u00ed ne\u017e za rakousk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed. Garanci men\u0161inov\u00fdch pr\u00e1v zakotvovala v obecn\u00e9 podob\u011b \u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 \u00fastavn\u00ed listina z 29.2.1920 a rovn\u011b\u017e mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00e9 smlouvy. K hlub\u0161\u00edmu a d\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edch vztah\u016f v\u0161ak nedo\u0161lo. Tzv. pohrani\u010dn\u00ed men\u0161iny inklinovaly ke sv\u00fdm "mate\u0159sk\u00fdm n\u00e1rod\u016fm\u201c v sousedn\u00edch zem\u00edch a v meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed se u nich projevovaly "odst\u0159ediv\u00e9" tendence, kter\u00e9 byly podporov\u00e1ny nacion\u00e1ln\u00edmi stranami a hnut\u00edmi. Ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed E. Bene\u0161 v pr\u016fb\u011bhu pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00fdch m\u00edrov\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed zd\u016fraz\u0148oval, \u017ee v r\u00e1mci nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 uzav\u0159en\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 s\u00eddeln\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak p\u0159ipom\u00ednal, \u017ee n\u011bmeck\u00e1 n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed skupina bude m\u00edt v republice zaji\u0161t\u011bna men\u0161inov\u00e1 pr\u00e1va. \u0160lo o diplomatick\u00fd man\u00e9vr, jen\u017e m\u011bl p\u0159isp\u011bt k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed souhlasu v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9 Dohody se za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00edm oblast\u00ed os\u00eddlen\u00fdch p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b n\u011bmeck\u00fdm obyvatelstvem k republice. Po podeps\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00e9 smlouvy v Rakousk\u00e9m Saint-Geimain en Laye 30.9.1919, v n\u00ed\u017e byly akceptov\u00e1ny \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 po\u017eadavky, ke spln\u011bn\u00ed slib\u016f nedo\u0161lo. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. let \u017eilo v \u010cSR celkem 3 123 566 N\u011bmc\u016f s \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdm st\u00e1tn\u00edm ob\u010danstv\u00edm (23,3 % obyvatelstva). Krom\u011b toho pob\u00fdvalo na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cSR 95 500 \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00fdch N\u011bmc\u016f a Raku\u0161an\u016f. Nejv\u00edce n\u011bmeck\u00fdch starousedl\u00edk\u016f \u017eilo v pohrani\u010d\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed (v\u00edce ne\u017e 2,9 mil.). N\u011bmeck\u00e9 os\u00eddlen\u00ed pokr\u00fdvalo zhruba 27 000 km2. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d \u010cSR zaru\u010doval
N\u011bmc\u016fm rovnost p\u0159ed z\u00e1konem, men\u0161inovou ochranu a dal\u0161\u00ed kulturn\u011b-soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdhody. Existovala faktick\u00e1 dvojjazy\u010dnost a mo\u017enost z\u0159izovat men\u0161inov\u00e9 \u0161koly. Probl\u00e9my v\u0161ak vyvol\u00e1vala praxe \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed se pojet\u00edm \u010desk\u00e9ho a slovensk\u00e9ho jazyka jako jazyka st\u00e1tn\u00edho, zejm\u00e9na v \u010dinnosti \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, a to obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v oblastech, kde N\u011bmci tvo\u0159ili po\u010detn\u00ed p\u0159evahu obyvatelstva. Z toho samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vypl\u00fdvala \u0159ada probl\u00e9m\u016f s t\u00edm spojen\u00fdch.
Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, profesn\u00ed a hlavn\u011b n\u00e1zorov\u00e1 diferenciace sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9 pospolitosti se odrazila v jej\u00edm politick\u00e9m spektru. Na levici st\u00e1la DSAP (N\u011bmeck\u00e1 soci\u00e1ln\u011b demokratick\u00e1 strana d\u011blnick\u00e1), n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed komunist\u00e9 byli organizov\u00e1ni v jednotn\u00e9 KS\u010c. Zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st obyvatel, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b venkovsk\u00fdch, reprezentovali agr\u00e1rn\u00edci (BdL), st\u0159edostavovsk\u00e9 vrstvy inklinovaly ke k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm socialist\u016fm (DCV), \u017eivnostensk\u00e9 stran\u011b (DG) a liber\u00e1ln\u00edm demokrat\u016fm (DDF). Tyto strany se spole\u010dn\u011b s nacionalisty stav\u011bly proti \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu. Aktivistick\u00e9 strany (agr\u00e1rn\u00edci, k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed soci\u00e1lov\u00e9, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9, liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9) se za\u010dali postupn\u011b smi\u0159ovat se st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami. Aktivistick\u00e9 strany se sna\u017eily o hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed povznesen\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. I v t\u011bchto stran\u00e1ch se ob\u010das projevovaly nacion\u00e1ln\u011b razantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed projevy, av\u0161ak ne v\u00fdrazn\u011bji. P\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 t\u011bchto stran vstoupili v roce 1926 do koali\u010dn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy, co\u017e je zavazovalo k v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zodpov\u011bdnosti za celost\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti. DNP (Deutsche Nationalpartei) a DNSAP (Deutsche nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei – odno\u017e \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9 NSDAP), se dr\u017eely n\u00e1rok\u016f na sebeur\u010den\u00ed, s c\u00edlem odd\u011blen\u00ed N\u011bmc\u016f od \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e operovaly s po\u017eadavky Sudet\u016f ve sv\u00fdch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch.
A\u010d \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady uplat\u0148ovaly v\u016f\u010di n\u011bmeck\u00e9 men\u0161in\u011b vcelku demokratick\u00fd a tolerantn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, star\u00e9 konflikty, resentimenty a omezen\u011b a jednostrann\u011b formulovan\u00e9 principy \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 st\u00e1tnosti vyvol\u00e1valy v \u010desko-n\u011bmeck\u00e9m sou\u017eit\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. To m\u011blo vliv na praktick\u00e9 uskute\u010d\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed politiky. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b proklamovan\u00e9 teze \u010cSR o n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edm st\u00e1tu a svrchovanosti \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda slou\u017eily k zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed nedostatk\u016f v pln\u011bn\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Do konce 20. let zaslali p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch N\u011bmc\u016f Spole\u010dnost\u00ed n\u00e1rod\u016f v \u017denev\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 petic\u00ed, v nich\u017e se uv\u00e1d\u011bly p\u0159\u00edpady poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. <\/p>\n
N\u00e1lady n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho etnika ovliv\u0148ovaly i ekonomick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Jeliko\u017e byli N\u011bmci v \u010desk\u00e9m pohrani\u010d\u00ed zam\u011bstn\u00e1ni p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v lehk\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu, propukla hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize nejd\u0159\u00edve v Sudetech. K napjat\u00e9mu soci\u00e1ln\u00edmu klimatu p\u0159isp\u011bla i n\u011bkter\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy do vlastnick\u00fdch vztah\u016f a dal\u0161\u00ed. Byla to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00ed pozemkov\u00e1 (up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 z\u00e1jemce) a m\u011bnov\u00e1 reforma, nostrifikace akci\u00ed, oslaben\u00ed kapit\u00e1lov\u00fdch pozic n\u011bmeck\u00fdch podnikatel\u016f atd. Situaci zhor\u0161oval i postup vl\u00e1dy p\u0159i obsazov\u00e1n\u00ed pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst ve st\u00e1tn\u00edch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch, jen\u017e op\u011bt vyzn\u011bl v neprosp\u011bch sudetsk\u00fdch N\u011bmc\u016f. Z celkov\u00e9ho hlediska lze v\u0161ak \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee zhor\u0161en\u00ed ekonomick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek sudetsk\u00fdch N\u011bmc\u016f bylo vyvol\u00e1no p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017enou m\u011brou celoevropskou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou kriz\u00ed, bez v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. V parlamentn\u00edch volb\u00e1ch udr\u017eela sv\u00e9 vedouc\u00ed postaven\u00ed v r\u00e1mci sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9 pospolitosti DSAP. Postup \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f proti nacionalisticko-separatistick\u00fdm tendenc\u00edm vyvrcholil rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm DNSAP a zastaven\u00edm \u010dinnost\u00ed DNP v roce 1933. V tu dobu se ji\u017e na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 politick\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u011b objevilo nov\u00e9, \u00fadajn\u011b nadstranick\u00e9 uskupen\u00ed – SHF (Sudetendeutsche Heimatsfront), v \u010dele s K. Henleinem.
SHF se definovala jako n\u00e1rodn\u00ed, antimarxistick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed, hl\u00e1sala loajalitu k republice a po\u017eadovala n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed v jej\u00edm r\u00e1mci. Obsahovala v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sekci, v n\u00ed\u017e byli zapojeni hlavn\u011b p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci b\u00fdval\u00e9 DNSAP. Ta propagovala radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stanoviska v souladu s proklamacemi Adolfa Hitlera. P\u0159i parlamentn\u00edch volb\u00e1ch v roce 1935, v nich\u017e SHF kandidovala ji\u017e jako politick\u00e1 strana (p\u0159ejmenovala se na SdP -Sudetendeutsche Partei), p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b zv\u00edt\u011bzila. K. Henlein se sna\u017eil takticky vystupovat v\u016f\u010di \u010desk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b, p\u0159esto, \u017ee se v jeho stran\u011b neust\u00e1le v\u00edce a v\u00edce prosazovaly pronacistick\u00e9 tendence. SdP byla v dob\u00e1ch nacistick\u00e9 okupace \u010ceskoslovenska v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm \u010dinovn\u00edkem pronacistick\u00fdch aktivit a repres\u00e1li\u00ed v\u016f\u010di \u010desk\u00e9mu n\u00e1rodu.
Henleinovci se sna\u017eili d\u00e1t sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9 ot\u00e1zce mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed popularitu. Za\u010dalo b\u00fdt v\u00edce ne\u017e jasn\u00e9, \u017ee SdP pou\u017e\u00edvala "boj za zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edch podm\u00ednek sudetsk\u00fdch N\u011bmc\u016f" jen jako z\u00e1minku pro Hitlerovy expanzionistick\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny. A\u010d v sudetsk\u00e9m etniku existovalo i mno\u017estv\u00ed antifa\u0161ist\u016f a Henleinov\u00fdch odp\u016frc\u016f, jejich n\u00e1zory byly ne\u00faprosn\u011b pot\u00edr\u00e1ny a odp\u016frci sami byli zastra\u0161ov\u00e1ni a terorizov\u00e1ni. Aktivistick\u00e9 strany, s v\u00fdjimkou n\u011bmeck\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracie, pozastavily svou \u010dinnost a jejich \u010dlen\u016fm bylo "nab\u00eddnuto" \u010dlenstv\u00ed v SdP. V dubnu 1938 p\u0159edlo\u017eila SdP tzv. karlovarsk\u00e9 po\u017eadavky, jejich\u017e spln\u011bn\u00ed by fakticky znamenalo vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozklad st\u00e1tu. Vl\u00e1da \u010cSR posl\u00e9ze p\u0159edlo\u017eila n\u00e1vrh kompromisn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed (n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed statut), av\u0161ak Henleinovci ve\u0161ker\u00e9 snahy o dohodu z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b ru\u0161ili. \u010cSR se posl\u00e9ze ocitla v bezv\u00fdchodn\u00e9 situaci. Nemalou m\u011brou k tomu p\u0159isp\u011bla t\u011b\u017e taktika usmi\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed protivn\u00edka – appeasement – j\u00ed\u017e pou\u017e\u00edvaly z\u00e1padn\u00ed mocnosti (propag\u00e1torem t\u00e9to taktiky byla tzv. Clivedensk\u00e1 skupina, 1935 -1939, co\u017e bylo extr\u00e9mn\u011b pravicov\u00e9 seskupen\u00ed britsk\u00fdch konzervativn\u00edch sil, jeho\u017e vedouc\u00edm p\u0159edstavitelem byl A. N. Chamberlain). Dne 21.9.1938 p\u0159istoupila \u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da na tzv. anglo-francouzsk\u00fd pl\u00e1n, kter\u00fd p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal odstoupen\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti st\u00e1tn\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed. <\/p>\n
Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
VZNIK \u010cESKOSLOVENSKA<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[83,82],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/406"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=406"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/406\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}