{"id":417,"date":"2008-07-01T12:20:49","date_gmt":"2008-07-01T10:20:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2008\/07\/01\/valena-propaganda-v-21-stoleti-1\/"},"modified":"2008-07-01T12:20:49","modified_gmt":"2008-07-01T10:20:49","slug":"valena-propaganda-v-21-stoleti-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2008\/07\/01\/valena-propaganda-v-21-stoleti-1\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 propaganda v 21. stolet\u00ed (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"logo\"Jak m\u00e9dia slou\u017e\u00ed k roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eozdravn\u00e9\u201c v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 propagandy\u2026 <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Z 21. stolet\u00ed jsme ukrojili zat\u00edm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nepatrn\u00fd kraj\u00edc a ji\u017e jsme sv\u011bdky prvn\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch konflikt\u016f na t\u00e9to planet\u011b. V\u00e1lka: slovo, kter\u00e9 mnoz\u00ed sklo\u0148uj\u00ed ani\u017e by si byli, vzhledem ke sv\u00e9mu n\u00edzk\u00e9mu v\u011bku, sto uv\u011bdomit, co to vlastn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee znamenat v praxi. Pochopiteln\u011b toto nen\u00ed my\u0161leno jako v\u00fdtka, pon\u011bvad\u017e mezi takov\u00e9 jedince pat\u0159\u00edm samoz\u0159ejm\u011b sama.
Snad nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed definici v\u00e1lky n\u00e1m vymyslel prusk\u00fd gener\u00e1l Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz, kdy\u017e konstatoval, \u017ee: \u201eV\u00e1lka je pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm politiky jin\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky.\u201c (1) Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed terminologie je je\u0161t\u011b pon\u011bkud opatrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e o v\u00e1lce hovo\u0159\u00ed jako o \u201eozbrojen\u00e9m konfliktu\u201c. Tento term\u00edn v\u0161ak nen\u00ed dosud jednozna\u010dn\u011b definov\u00e1n a slou\u017e\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e k popisu historick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, my\u0161leno tedy ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e prob\u011bhly, nikoliv t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 se pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nev\u00edm, zda n\u00e1s m\u00e1 tedy uklid\u0148ovat konstatov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee nejde o bitvy n\u00fdbr\u017e o ta\u017een\u00ed, jejich\u017e akt\u00e9ry postupn\u011b nebudou pouze voj\u00e1ci, ale tak\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby, diplomat\u00e9, ekonomov\u00e9, a jist\u011b v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b, rovn\u011b\u017e m\u00e9dia.
Ta budou slou\u017eit p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eozdravn\u00e9\u201c v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 propagandy. Po zuby ozbrojen\u00e9 mu\u017ee pr\u00fd Z\u00e1pad vy\u0161le do akce teprve tehdy, kdy bude m\u00edt jistotu, \u017ee jejich p\u016fsoben\u00ed budou m\u00edt skute\u010dn\u011b jist\u00fd efektivn\u00ed dopad.
P\u0159esto\u017ee je nyn\u00ed v Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu n\u011bkolik statis\u00edc\u016f t\u011bchto mu\u017e\u016f v akci, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd efektivn\u00ed dopad, pod jeho\u017e z\u00e1minkou se do t\u00e9to oblasti samoz\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159esouvali, (2) jsme dosud nezaznamenali a dokonce to nikomu nevad\u00ed!<\/p>\n

Faktem tedy z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee nam\u00edsto v\u00e1lky veden\u00e9 doslova mu\u017e proti mu\u017ei, jsme mohli v ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch b\u00fdt sv\u011bdky, \u010di p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdmi necht\u011bn\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky (rukojm\u00edmi), v\u00e1lky studen\u00e9. Nyn\u00ed doba pokro\u010dila je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1le a do hry tak vstupuje v\u00e1lka doslova a do p\u00edsmene neviditeln\u00e1.
Pomineme-li takov\u00e9 oblasti, zainteresovan\u00e9 na veden\u00ed podobn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, jako jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00e1lky zpravodajsk\u00e9 a policejn\u00ed, diplomatick\u00e9 a politick\u00e9, \u010di v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b v\u00e1lky ekonomick\u00e9, zb\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u00e1m oblast medi\u00e1ln\u011b \u2013 ideologick\u00e1, kter\u00e1 rozhodn\u011b nen\u00ed na posledn\u00edm stupni d\u016fle\u017eitosti \u010di chceme-li u\u017eite\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

Do boj\u016f zasahuj\u00ed m\u00e9dia, s p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00edm rychl\u00e9ho rozvoje komunika\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed, velk\u00fdm d\u00edlem. Tato skute\u010dnost byla markantn\u00ed ji\u017e p\u0159i prvn\u00ed v\u00e1lce v Z\u00e1livu roku 1991. Tento stav byl tehdy v na\u0161ich pom\u011brech umoc\u0148ov\u00e1n je\u0161t\u011b ned\u00e1vno nabyt\u00fdm pocitem svobody a p\u0159\u00edstupu k nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm informac\u00edm, ne\u017e na jak\u00fd jsme byli doposud zvykl\u00ed.
Pokro\u010d\u00edme-li k ozbrojen\u00e9mu konfliktu, abychom u\u010dinili zadost mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed terminologii, kter\u00fd se odehr\u00e1l v dob\u011b pon\u011bkud m\u00e9n\u011b vzd\u00e1len\u00e9, a to v zubo\u017een\u00e9m Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, zjist\u00edme, \u017ee tak\u00e9 zde se bojovalo rovn\u011b\u017e na front\u011b m\u00e9di\u00ed a propagandy, kter\u00e1 jde s t\u00edmto ned\u00edln\u011b ruku v ruce.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed v\u00e1lka l\u017e\u00ed \u2013 Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n, 2001<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Ve vojensk\u00e9m \u017eargonu se tomuto zp\u016fsobu veden\u00ed v\u00e1lky \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 PSYOPS (psychologick\u00e1 operace). Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty ji \u00fadajn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ji\u017e od dob jejich neslavn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky ve Vietnamu.
Na hlavy Afgh\u00e1nc\u016f tak krom\u011b n\u011bkolikatunov\u00fdch bomb dopadaly tak\u00e9 let\u00e1ky, upozor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed na vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed propagandistick\u00e9ho rozhlasu. Let\u00e1ky se z\u00e1rove\u0148 sna\u017eily namluvit obyvatel\u016fm Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu, \u017ee partnersk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody jsou tu se sv\u00fdmi bombard\u00e9ry z d\u016fvodu pomoci lidem Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu! (3) K Afgh\u00e1nc\u016fm se tak\u00e9 mohlo don\u00e9st: \u201eSlo\u017ete zbran\u011b a budete \u017e\u00edt d\u00e1l.\u201c Nebo \u201eTerorist\u00e9 zaplat\u00ed svoj\u00ed krv\u00ed.\u201c (4) <\/p>\n

Situace m\u00e1 ov\u0161em hned n\u011bkolik \u201eale\u201c. I kdybychom toti\u017e p\u0159i nedostatku jedinc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed by ovl\u00e1dali b\u011b\u017en\u011b arabsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo a gramatiku, uv\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee let\u00e1ky jsou naps\u00e1ny spr\u00e1vn\u011b, vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 zde dal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n je zem\u011b \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed na dvacet mili\u00f3n\u016f obyvatel. Z tohoto po\u010dtu lid\u00ed pouze necel\u00e1 jedna t\u0159etina um\u00ed \u010d\u00edst a ps\u00e1t! Kritiku podobn\u00fdch let\u00e1k\u016f v\u0161ak p\u0159ed\u010dila kritika ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9ho propagandistick\u00e9ho vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed.
Kritici se toti\u017e shoduj\u00ed, \u017ee takov\u00e1 propaganda je v\u00edce ne\u017e uboh\u00e1. Vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed rozhlasu je pr\u00fd hloup\u00e9, nav\u00edc podbarven\u00e9 necitlivou americkou hudbou. \u201e\u00dapln\u00e9 bl\u00e1boly. Je to jen sn\u016f\u0161ka hodn\u011b \u0161patn\u00e9 propagandy,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad D\u017ear\u00e1f \u010copra, profesor na pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 fakult\u011b Brownovy univerzity. Podle n\u011bj by si psychologov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed \u201einforma\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1dio\u201c p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed, m\u011bli uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee Afgh\u00e1nci, a\u010d jsou negramotn\u00ed, nejsou ur\u010dit\u011b hloup\u00ed.\u201c (5)
Ve sv\u00e9m projevu na po\u010d\u00e1tku bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu prohla\u0161oval George Bush, \u017ee Afgh\u00e1nci poznaj\u00ed velkorysost USA a spojenc\u016f, a\u017e budou bombardov\u00e1ny v\u00fdhradn\u011b vojensk\u00e9 c\u00edle a z\u00e1rove\u0148 budou z letadel shazov\u00e1ny potraviny a l\u00e9ky.
Proti t\u011bmto slov\u016fm p\u016fsobily zpr\u00e1vy Talibanu o mnoha civiln\u00edch ob\u011btech jako skute\u010dn\u00e1 a opravdov\u00e1 propaganda. (6) Ov\u0161em p\u0159i pohledu na vybombardovan\u00e9 st\u0159edisko OSN v K\u00e1bulu, kter\u00e9 spojenci omylem zas\u00e1hli, musel ostatn\u00ed sv\u011bt zapochybovat o p\u0159esnosti \u010di preciznosti pln\u011bn\u00ed podobn\u00fdch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jak uvedl \u010dasopis T\u00fdden, (7) snad nejl\u00e9pe se v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b poda\u0159ilo problematiku v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 propagandy, a \u00fakol\u016f \u017eurnalist\u016f p\u0159i jej\u00edm realizov\u00e1n\u00ed, nast\u00ednit francouzsk\u00e9mu listu Le Monde, a to ji\u017e b\u011bhem operac\u00ed NATO v b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vii roku 1999. \u201eKa\u017ed\u00e1 v\u00e1lka je okam\u017eikem p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed, kdy je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed, aby tisk byl v\u00edce ne\u017e kdy jindy obez\u0159el\u00fd v\u016f\u010di cit\u016fm a v\u00e1\u0161n\u00edm. Je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed se sna\u017eit o co nejpoctiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejp\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informov\u00e1n\u00ed, ani\u017e by se p\u0159ej\u00edmala propaganda n\u011bkter\u00e9ho z t\u00e1bor\u016f.\u201c (8) Ov\u0161em do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry lze v\u016fbec n\u011b\u010deho podobn\u00e9ho dos\u00e1hnout?
Jedn\u00edm z m\u00e1la zdroj\u016f informac\u00ed z prost\u0159ed\u00ed Talibanu se nap\u0159\u00edklad v t\u00e9to dob\u011b stala, krom\u011b hrstky zahrani\u010dn\u00edch novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f, jen katarsk\u00e1 satelitn\u00ed televize al-D\u017eaz\u00edra.
Touto skute\u010dnost\u00ed si stanice vyslou\u017eila kritiku ze strany Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, \u017ee jej\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zpravodajstv\u00ed je naprosto nepravdiv\u00e9. \u201eUr\u010dit\u011b bychom cht\u011bli, aby zm\u00edrnili r\u00e9toriku, zm\u00ednil se mluv\u010d\u00ed americk\u00fdch diplomat\u016f Richard Boucher a rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159iznal, \u017ee americk\u00e1 administrativa intervenovala proti televizi u katarsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy.\u201c (9)
Ov\u0161em al-D\u017eaz\u00edra je rovn\u011b\u017e trnem v oku ortodoxn\u00edm muslimsk\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm, jak\u00fdm je nap\u0159\u00edklad Sa\u00fadsk\u00e1 Ar\u00e1bie, kter\u00e1 se rovn\u011b\u017e ohradila proti jej\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9mu volnomy\u0161lenk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jak m\u00e9dia slou\u017e\u00ed k roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eozdravn\u00e9\u201c v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 propagandy\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[6],"tags":[86],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/417"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=417"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/417\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=417"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=417"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=417"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}