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Jak m\u00e9dia slou\u017e\u00ed k roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eozdravn\u00e9\u201c v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 propagandy\u2026 <\/p>\n Jak m\u00e9dia slou\u017e\u00ed k roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eozdravn\u00e9\u201c v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 propagandy\u2026 <\/p>\n
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Druh\u00e1 v\u00e1lka l\u017e\u00ed \u2013 Ir\u00e1k, 2003<\/strong> <\/p>\n Nab\u00edz\u00ed se ov\u0161em pon\u011bkud znepokojuj\u00edc\u00ed ot\u00e1zka, zda se al-D\u017eaz\u00edra o svoje renom\u00e9 p\u0159ipravuje sama svoj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadnou neprofesionalitou a bezuzdnost\u00ed, nebo zda jen vyjad\u0159uje patrn\u011b skute\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1lady muslimsk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta v\u016f\u010di sv\u011btu z\u00e1padn\u00edmu, zejm\u00e9na pak v\u016f\u010di USA. V\u00e1lka v dob\u011b \u201etelekracie\u201c <\/p>\n Svoji premi\u00e9ru v tomto zp\u016fsobu veden\u00ed v\u00e1lky si m\u00e9dia pro\u0161la ji\u017e p\u0159i prvn\u00ed v\u00e1lce v Z\u00e1livu roku 1991, kter\u00e1 si vyslou\u017eila ozna\u010den\u00ed \u201ev\u00e1lka v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m p\u0159enosu\u201c. Ov\u0161em tehdy se situace diametr\u00e1ln\u011b odli\u0161ovala v jedn\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u011bci: monopoln\u00ed postaven\u00ed ve sd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed z v\u00e1lky m\u011bly v\u00fdhradn\u011b Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. Tehdy prakticky neexistoval \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd dal\u0161\u00ed adekv\u00e1tn\u00ed zdroj informac\u00ed. Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Jak m\u00e9dia slou\u017e\u00ed k roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eozdravn\u00e9\u201c v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 propagandy\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[6],"tags":[86],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/419"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=419"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/419\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=419"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=419"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=419"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
M\u016f\u017eeme tak lehce obvinit katarskou televizi z propagandy, a p\u0159itom si nevzpomenout na vstupy v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho zpravodaje \u010cT Michala Kubala, o nich\u017e by se s \u00fasp\u011bchem dalo nejednou \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee jsme si sice popov\u00eddali, ale nic jsme se vlastn\u011b nedov\u011bd\u011bli?21 O n\u011bco l\u00e9pe na tom byla jeho kolegyn\u011b Barbora \u0160\u00e1malov\u00e1 v Kuvajtu, pon\u011bvad\u017e nebyla tolik v centru samotn\u00e9ho d\u011bn\u00ed.
M\u016f\u017eeme nevzpomenout na z\u00e1b\u011bry jedin\u00e9ho a osamocen\u00e9ho kamionu \u010cerven\u00e9ho p\u016flm\u011bs\u00edce, kter\u00fd zastavil kdesi v pou\u0161ti22 a ur\u010dit\u00e9mu davu lid\u00ed p\u0159ivezl k\u00fd\u017eenou pomoc, nane\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed nadlouho jedinou? \u0160lo skute\u010dn\u011b v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b o humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed pomoc? Nebo je zde op\u011bt propaganda, a s n\u00ed tak\u00e9 pot\u0159eba nato\u010dit n\u011bkolik z\u00e1b\u011br\u016f, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd vid\u011bl…
Sadd\u00e1m Husajn pochopiteln\u011b nez\u016fst\u00e1val ve sv\u00e9 propagand\u011b pozadu. V\u00fdsm\u011bchem \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm se stal fotbalov\u00fd z\u00e1pas, navzdory koloritu kou\u0159e z ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edho bombardovan\u00e9ho Bagd\u00e1du.
Prakticky stejn\u00fd propagandistick\u00fd trik pak pou\u017eili spojenci p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edjezdu do metropole. \u010clov\u011bku, studuj\u00edc\u00edmu tamn\u00ed kultury a pam\u011btihodnosti, dr\u00e1saly nervy z\u00e1b\u011bry tank\u016f vj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch do honosn\u00fdch Husajnov\u00fdch pal\u00e1c\u016f. Ani tyto tanky v\u0161ak nebyly schopny uchr\u00e1nit kulturn\u00ed hodnoty nesm\u00edrn\u00e9 ceny od nenechav\u00fdch rukou zlod\u011bj\u016f, p\u0159ekupn\u00edk\u016f a pa\u0161er\u00e1k\u016f.
Spojenci tuto \u201emedi\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u010d\u00e1st v\u00e1lky skute\u010dn\u011b nepodce\u0148uj\u00ed. Pokra\u010duj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9 propagand\u011b shazov\u00e1n\u00edm nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch let\u00e1k\u016f a fotografi\u00ed voj\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed voj\u00e1ky, kte\u0159\u00ed krm\u00ed rozesm\u00e1tou ir\u00e1ckou drobotinu \u201eamerick\u00fdmi\u201c bonb\u00f3ny a \u017ev\u00fdka\u010dkami.
A kone\u010dn\u011b si p\u0159ipome\u0148me tak\u00e9 divadlo kolem str\u017een\u00ed Husajnovy sochy na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed v Bagd\u00e1du, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo d\u00e1t najevo nejen kdo je tady nyn\u00ed p\u00e1nem, ale tak\u00e9 uk\u00e1zat nel\u00ed\u010denou radost m\u00edstn\u00edch obyvatel z p\u0159\u00edjezdu spojeneck\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f.
\u00dadajn\u00e9 davy p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch a raduj\u00edc\u00edch se osvobozen\u00fdch, tvo\u0159ila hrstka lid\u00ed, s velkou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u011b \u0161\u00edit\u016f, proto\u017ee ti se budou, za dan\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed, z pochopiteln\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, nyn\u00ed radovat ochotn\u011bji ne\u017e sunnit\u00e9. Uv\u011bdom\u00edme-li si, \u017ee Bagd\u00e1d je n\u011bkolikamilionov\u00e9 m\u011bsto, \u0159\u00eddce zapln\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed p\u016fsobilo p\u0159i t\u00e9to akci sp\u00ed\u0161e teatr\u00e1ln\u011b. To ale propagand\u011b sta\u010dilo k tomu, aby z\u00e1b\u011bry z t\u00e9to akce mohly oblet\u011bt sv\u011bt. <\/p>\n
V roce 2003 bylo v\u0161echno pom\u011brn\u011b jinak. V Ir\u00e1ku se pohybovalo na 15. stovek novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pracovali na vlastn\u00ed riziko. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s prvn\u00ed v\u00e1lkou se zd\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00e1me n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b v\u00edce r\u016fzn\u00fdch dostupn\u00fdch informac\u00ed. Ov\u0161em vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z toho, \u017ee o t\u00e9 druh\u00e9 v\u00e1lce v\u00edme tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b v\u00edce?
Novin\u00e1\u0159i, cestuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo s vojensk\u00fdmi jednotkami, jsou na nich z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u017eivotn\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00ed. Je skute\u010dn\u011b v lidsk\u00fdch sil\u00e1ch oprostit se od subjektivn\u00edch pocit\u016f a vykreslit sv\u011btu v z\u00e1zem\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed skute\u010dnost? K tomu se pak je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1 \u010dasto komplikovan\u00e1 \u201enestrannost\u201c americk\u00fdch stanic, a propaganda, a\u0165 ji\u017e c\u00edlen\u00e1 nebo v podstat\u011b necht\u011bn\u00e1, je na sv\u011bt\u011b.
Na p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd z\u00e1kaz ministra obrany USA p\u0159estala m\u00e9dia vys\u00edlat z\u00e1b\u011bry s jak\u00fdmkoliv mrtv\u00fdm \u010di t\u011b\u017ece ran\u011bn\u00fdm americk\u00fdm voj\u00e1kem. B\u00fdt zran\u011bn\u00fd je p\u0159ece tak neamerick\u00e9! Ov\u0161em m\u00e9dia evropsk\u00e1 podobn\u00e9 pokyny nemaj\u00ed, a tak je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee \u0159adov\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 i nad\u00e1le \u017eij\u00ed odtr\u017eeni od reality, tak jako ostatn\u011b doposud, a nad\u00e1le jsou tak v t\u00e9to sv\u00e9 \u201eomezovanosti\u201c sv\u011bdky docela jin\u00e9 v\u00e1lky ne\u017e Evropan\u00e9 \u010di dokonce Arabov\u00e9.
T\u00edm se pohybujeme v jak\u00e9msi medi\u00e1ln\u00edm kruhu pravd a polopravd. Rozd\u00edl v reklamn\u00ed a medi\u00e1ln\u00ed kampani na v\u00e1lku je oproti minulosti diametr\u00e1ln\u00ed. Vyho\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i, n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed opakovan\u00e9, a jen trestuhodn\u011b nedbale upravovan\u00e9, zpr\u00e1vy z boji\u0161t\u011b jsou na denn\u00edm po\u0159\u00e1dku.
Op\u011bt zde mus\u00edme jako p\u0159\u00edklad uv\u00e9st tak\u00e9 zpravodaje \u010cT Barboru \u0160\u00e1malovou i Michala Kubala, kte\u0159\u00ed pravideln\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvali svoj\u00ed malou tro\u0161kou do velk\u00e9ho ml\u00fdna l\u017e\u00ed a polopravd. Zat\u00edmco, ostatn\u011b jako v dal\u0161\u00edch stanic\u00edch, n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed po prvn\u00edch \u00faderech vyhl\u00e1sili, \u017ee jihoir\u00e1ck\u00e1 Basra padla a m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 nad\u0161en\u011b p\u0159iv\u00edtali americk\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky jako sv\u00e9 osvoboditele, v dal\u0161\u00edch t\u00fddnech ho\u0159ekovali nad t\u00edm, kterak se tam ti fanati\u010dt\u00ed odp\u016frci br\u00e1n\u00ed americk\u00e9 dobrot\u011b. A tak bychom mohli pokra\u010dovat d\u00e1le.
Podle \u010dasopisu T\u00fdden (23) si zm\u011bnu propagandistick\u00e9 strategie vynutila na Pentagonu skute\u010dnost, \u017ee jeho pov\u011bsti v roce 1991 nikterak nep\u0159isp\u011bl fakt \u00fadajn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed kvality poskytovan\u00fdch informac\u00ed: \u201enap\u0159\u00edklad o tom, \u017ee v\u0161echny vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 rakety Patriot zas\u00e1hly c\u00edl; pozd\u011bji se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 byla zhruba polovina.\u201c (24)
Snad nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm zklam\u00e1n\u00edm pro televizn\u00ed stanice USA je podstatn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1jem o v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed ne\u017e v roce 1991. V prvn\u00edch dnech v\u00e1lky dokonce Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 dali p\u0159ednost sledov\u00e1n\u00ed televizn\u00edho seri\u00e1lu P\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9!25 O to v\u00edce se stanice sna\u017e\u00ed navnadit div\u00e1ky a opakovan\u011b vys\u00edlaj\u00ed z\u00e1b\u011bry n\u011bkolika spojeneck\u00fdch tank\u016f, neru\u0161en\u011b si br\u00e1zd\u00edc\u00edch ir\u00e1ckou pou\u0161\u0165.
Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed tak iluzi, \u017ee v\u00e1lka je vlastn\u011b vyhran\u00e1\u2026 O n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo hodin pozd\u011bji tuto euforii vyst\u0159\u00eddala hlubok\u00e1 skepse, kdy\u017e ji\u017e ne\u0161lo nep\u0159iznat, \u017ee Ir\u00e1\u010dan\u00e9 \u00fadajn\u00fd bleskov\u00fd postup spojeneck\u00fdch vojsk ne\u010dekan\u011b hou\u017eevnat\u011b brzd\u00ed.
Pr\u00e1v\u011b bleskov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka byla jedn\u00edm z propagandistick\u00fdch tah\u016f spojenc\u016f je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, n\u011b\u017e vlastn\u011b prakticky za\u010dala. Propaganda nebyla ur\u010dena ani pro Ameri\u010dany \u010di Angli\u010dany, ani pro Ir\u00e1\u010dany, ale zejm\u00e9na pro naklon\u011bn\u00ed si m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed zbytku sv\u011bta, kter\u00fd se k invazi stav\u011bl ne pr\u00e1v\u011b vst\u0159\u00edcn\u011b.
Zat\u00edmco v\u0161ichni zainteresovan\u00ed tvrdili, \u017ee v\u00e1lka to bude opravdu kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, nikdo bl\u00ed\u017ee nedefinoval d\u00e9lku takov\u00e9 kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. A nikdo zjevn\u011b nepo\u010d\u00edtal s faktem, \u017ee Ir\u00e1k je skute\u010dn\u011b n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e p\u0159ed lety mali\u010dk\u00fd Kuvajt nebo zaostal\u00fd a sp\u00ed\u0161e partiz\u00e1nsk\u00fd Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1n. Na rozlehl\u00fdch ir\u00e1ck\u00fdch pou\u0161t\u00edch a planin\u00e1ch \u017eije kolem 24. milion\u016f obyvatel, a ti se vesm\u011bs nevzdali jen tak bez boje.<\/p>\n