{"id":735,"date":"2007-09-26T16:55:31","date_gmt":"2007-09-26T14:55:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2007\/09\/26\/ikana-problem-nejen-eskych-kol\/"},"modified":"2007-09-26T16:55:31","modified_gmt":"2007-09-26T14:55:31","slug":"ikana-problem-nejen-eskych-kol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2007\/09\/26\/ikana-problem-nejen-eskych-kol\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160IKANA – PROBL\u00c9M NEJEN \u010cESK\u00ddCH \u0160KOL"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"logo\"Mo\u017en\u00e1 chod\u00edte kolem plak\u00e1t\u016f proti \u0161ikan\u011b, kter\u00e9 jsou v modr\u00e9m h\u00e1vu Nadace O2 um\u00edst\u011bny v\u0161ude kolem n\u00e1s. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika po 17 letech dohonila zapadni demokracie v mnoha oblastech. Ve zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti z nich se j\u00ed to tak\u00e9 poda\u0159ilo – stejn\u00e9 jako na Z\u00e1pad\u011b tu m\u00e1me arm\u00e1du nezam\u011bstnan\u00fdch, velk\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi bohat\u00fdmi a chud\u00fdmi, vysok\u00e9 ceny a dan\u011b, amerikanizovanou kulturu, vysokou kriminalitu a v neposledn\u00ed rad\u011b tak\u00e9 nesn\u00e1\u0161enlivost, rasismus a \u0161ikanu. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0 <\/p>\n

\u0160ikana v sou\u010dasnosti pat\u0159\u00ed k velmi pal\u010div\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm, s nimi\u017e se spole\u010dnost pot\u00fdk\u00e1, zejm\u00e9na pak \u0161ikana na \u0161kol\u00e1ch a jin\u00fdch vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch instituc\u00edch, proto\u017ee tam postihuje d\u011bti nebo mladistv\u00e9, jejich\u017e hodnotov\u00fd syst\u00e9m se teprve utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a \u0161ikanou m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jejich dal\u0161\u00ed pohled na spole\u010densk\u00e9 vztahy, zp\u016fsob chov\u00e1n\u00ed ad. v\u00fdrazn\u011b poznamen\u00e1n. \u0160ikana se toti\u017e dot\u00fdk\u00e1 nejen osoby agresora a ob\u011bti, ale negativn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje i ostatn\u00ed spolu\u017e\u00e1ky, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou \u0161ikanov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomni nebo o n\u011bm v\u011bd\u00ed. P\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017een\u00edm a ne\u010dinnost\u00ed (a\u0165 ji\u017e z nez\u00e1jmu nebo ze strachu) se toti\u017e ostatn\u00ed d\u011bti u\u010d\u00ed tolerovat bezpr\u00e1v\u00ed s n\u00edm\u017e se i v budoucnu setkaj\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee nap\u0159. B\u00edl\u00fd kruh bezpe\u010d\u00ed vydal s p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00edm ministerstva pr\u00e1ce a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed k mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu roku rodiny 1994 \u00fatlou bro\u017eurku t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se t\u00e9to problematiky a ofici\u00e1ln\u011b mohou \u0161ikanovan\u00e9 d\u011bti najit pomoc v pedagogicko-psychologick\u00fdch poradn\u00e1ch, u\u017e skute\u010dnost, \u017ee zat\u00edmco v r. 1994 bylo \u0161ikanov\u00e1no na v\u0161ech typech \u0161kol necel\u00fdch 19% \u0161kol\u00e1k\u016f, v roce 2000 p\u0159es\u00e1hl jejich po\u010det 20%, dokazuje, \u017ee tyto kroky k \u0159e\u0161eni nedosta\u010duj\u00ed. V roce 2002 podle jin\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu postihla \u0161ikana a\u017e 41% \u0161kol\u00e1k\u016f Z\u0160. Podle nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studie z roku 2006 se s \u0161ikanou setk\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u0159etina \u0161kol\u00e1k\u016f, celkem p\u011bt procent chlapc\u016f a d\u00edvek je \u0161ikanov\u00e1no n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t t\u00fddn\u011b, celkem t\u0159i a p\u016fl procenta d\u011bt\u00ed jednou t\u00fddn\u011b a prakticky ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u00e1t\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b se stalo bezbrann\u00fdm ter\u010dem spolu\u017e\u00e1k\u016f u\u017e nejm\u00e9n\u011b jednou nebo dvakr\u00e1t. Podle t\u00fdden\u00edku \u0160kolstv\u00ed se se \u0161ikanou setk\u00e1v\u00e1 a\u017e 44% d\u011bt\u00ed a 21% je \u0161ikanov\u00e1no ka\u017ed\u00fd den… Situace se v\u0161ak nelep\u0161\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak. Podle psychoteraputa Kol\u00e1\u0159e je dokonce v\u00fdskyt \u0161ikany na \u0161kol\u00e1ch epidemick\u00fd. <\/p>\n

Z dotazn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho sdru\u017een\u00ed AISIS, kter\u00e9 prob\u011bhlo v roce 2005 mezi \u017e\u00e1ky p\u00e1t\u00fdch a\u017e osm\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u0161kol, vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formou \u0161ikany jsou posm\u011b\u0161ky, pomluvy a nad\u00e1vky. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 des\u00e1t\u00e9 \u0161ikanovan\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b si st\u011b\u017euje, \u017ee jej spolu\u017e\u00e1ci fackuji, bij\u00ed p\u011bstmi nebo kopou. Stejn\u011b neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e1, ale bohu\u017eel pravdiv\u00e1 jsou i dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla:
21 % d\u011bti je \u0161ikanov\u00e1no denn\u011b,
25 % jednou t\u00fddn\u011b,
22 % jedenkr\u00e1t za m\u011bs\u00edc a
31% nejm\u00e9n\u011b jednou ro\u010dn\u011b. <\/p>\n

\u010cast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi agresory jsou chlapci, ale sv\u00e9 spolu\u017e\u00e1ky \u0161ikanuj\u00ed i d\u00edvky. \u010ctvrtina d\u011bt\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee jim v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u0161ikany pomohla u\u010ditelka nebo kamar\u00e1di. Pouze 12% d\u011bt\u00ed byli n\u00e1pomocni rodi\u010de. P\u011btina d\u011bt\u00ed sd\u011blila, \u017ee jim nepomohl nikdo. <\/p>\n

Vlastn\u00ed pojem \u0161ikany je odvozen z francouzsk\u00e9ho \u201echicane", ozna\u010duje se j\u00edm malichern\u00fd spor, z n\u011bho\u017e se postupem \u010dasu st\u00e1v\u00e1 systematick\u00e9 tr\u00fdzn\u011bn\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed zpravidla v
a) fyzick\u00e9m n\u00e1sil\u00ed,
b) verb\u00e1ln\u00edch projevech,
c) vylou\u010den\u00ed a izolaci jednice nebo i
d) v po\u0161kozov\u00e1ni majetku a kr\u00e1de\u017e\u00edch. <\/p>\n

D\u011bti vystaven\u00e9 \u0161ikan\u011b to \u010dasto nikomu necht\u011bj\u00ed \u0159\u00edci, ze strachu se sna\u017e\u00ed \u0161kole vyhnout (simulov\u00e1n\u00edm nemoci, z\u00e1\u0161kol\u00e1ctv\u00edm aj.), ut\u00edkaj\u00ed z domova, v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b se pokou\u0161ej\u00ed o sebe vra\u017edu. <\/p>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch sociologick\u00fdch pr\u016fzkum\u016f jsou \u00fato\u010dn\u00edky p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u011bti z probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch rodin (zejm. z rodin v nich\u017e jsou samy tvrd\u011b fyzicky trest\u00e1ny), praxe t\u011bmto teori\u00edm odpov\u00edd\u00e1 pouze \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9. Naopak \u0159ada ze \u0161ikanuj\u00edc\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i \u0161ikan\u011b v podob\u011b v\u0161emo\u017en\u00e9ho poni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, poch\u00e1z\u00ed \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l t\u00edm v\u00edce z velmi dob\u0159e finan\u010dn\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed – z rodin soukrom\u00fdch podnikatel\u016f, ekonomick\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f, poradc\u016f, um\u011blc\u016f ad. Tyto d\u011bti rodi\u010di i kapitalistickou spole\u010denskou mor\u00e1lkou (respektive amoralitou), \u017eij\u00ed toti\u017e \u010dasto v p\u0159edstav\u011b, \u017ee pen\u00edze jejich rodi\u010d\u016f z nich d\u011blaj\u00ed p\u00e1nybohy a \u017ee d\u00edky nim si mohou v\u0161echno dovolit. Pr\u00e1v\u011b za pen\u00edze (movit\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci n\u011bkdy u\u017e na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161kole dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed od rodi\u010d\u016f n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b jako kapesn\u00e9) si takov\u00e9 d\u011bti kupuj\u00ed fale\u0161n\u00e9 kamar\u00e1dy s nimi\u017e poni\u017euj\u00ed a vysm\u00edvaj\u00ed se spolu\u017e\u00e1k\u016fm. Je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v nem\u00e1lo p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u00e1 \u0161kola pr\u00e1v\u011b s t\u011bmito \u0161ikanovateli nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed starosti, proto\u017ee jejich pocit nad\u0159azenosti podporuj\u00ed ob\u010das i jejich rodi\u010de. (N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed majetn\u00ed rodi\u010dov\u00e9 odm\u00edtaj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad, aby jejich potomci
jezdili dom\u016f s \u201eoby\u010dejn\u00fdmi" d\u011btmi hromadnou dopravou nebo aby se s nimi mimo vyu\u010dov\u00e1ni st\u00fdkali.)
Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u00edl v\u00fdchovy proti \u0161ikan\u011b mus\u00ed n\u00e9st samo sebou rodi\u010de, a to i v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy na sv\u00e9 d\u011bti nemaj\u00ed z objektivn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f \u010das, proto\u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159\u00edklad rodi\u010d\u016f a jejich v\u00fdchova je v sou\u010dasnosti, vzhledem k opou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed syst\u00e9mu kolektivn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy d\u011bti a ml\u00e1de\u017ee spole\u010densk\u00fdmi institucemi a organizacemi, nezastupiteln\u00e1. <\/p>\n

Co se t\u00fdk\u00e1 \u0161koly a u\u010ditel\u016f, \u0161kola by m\u011bla zajistit sv\u016fj provoz takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, aby minimalizovala p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti \u0161ikany, u\u010ditel\u00e9 by si m\u011bli v\u00edce v\u0161\u00edmat uzav\u0159en\u00fdch, slab\u0161\u00edch a zak\u0159iknut\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed, proti \u0161ikan\u011b rozhodn\u011b vystoupit ji\u017e p\u0159i jej\u00edch prvn\u00edch n\u00e1znac\u00edch a vyu\u017e\u00edvat ji\u017e od nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edk\u016f nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti k odsouzen\u00ed \u0161ikany. <\/p>\n

Velkou roli p\u0159itom hraje osobn\u00ed anga\u017eovanost u\u010ditele. Ten by si m\u011bl ud\u011blat \u010das, aby si promluvil s ob\u011bti \u0161ikany, vyj\u00e1d\u0159it ji podporu, nab\u00eddnout ochranu, informovat rodi\u010de napaden\u00e9(ho), v\u011bc spravedliv\u011b, rychle a p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b \u0159e\u0161it. Nemen\u0161\u00ed pozornost je nutn\u00e9 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u011bnovat tak\u00e9 \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi, je pot\u0159ebn\u00e9, ba dokonce nutn\u00e9, si promluvit s \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkem a napomenout ho, zjistit pro\u010d to d\u011bl\u00e1, informovat jeho rodi\u010de o jeho \u010dinnosti, pokud se nenaprav\u00ed vylou\u010dit ho z budovy \u0161koly na dobu p\u0159est\u00e1vek a ob\u011bda, pokud ani to nepom\u016f\u017ee tak \u0161ikanuj\u00edc\u00edho na jeden a\u017e dva dny vylou\u010dit z doch\u00e1zky, dal\u0161\u00edm krokem je t\u00fddenn\u00ed vylou\u010den\u00ed z doch\u00e1zky a nakonec vylou\u010den\u00ed ze \u0161koly. <\/p>\n

Ot\u00e1zkou nad\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, jak zajistit vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed instituci a u\u010ditel\u016fm v t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zce st\u00e1tn\u00ed i celospole\u010denskou podporu, proto\u017ee v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 liberalistick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti kon\u010d\u00ed pravomoci u\u010ditele koncem vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159edt\u00edm ani potom faktick\u00fd vliv na v\u00fdchovu \u010di chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ka objektivn\u011b nem\u00e1. Dal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem jsou i n\u00edzk\u00e9 platy u\u010ditel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou placeni za odu\u010den\u00e9 hodiny (a to je\u0161t\u011b dost mizern\u011b) a ve\u0161ker\u00e9 aktivity sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k v\u00fdchov\u011b \u017e\u00e1k\u016f tak mus\u00ed \u010dinit zadarmo a ve sv\u00e9m voln\u00e9m \u010dase. Rozhodn\u011b v\u0161ak nesta\u010d\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fd postup, kdy maximem je z\u0159\u00edzeni tzv. \u010dern\u00e9 schr\u00e1nky \u010di linky d\u016fv\u011bry \u010di vytv\u00e1\u0159eni r\u016fzn\u00fdch ob\u010dansk\u00fdch sdru\u017een\u00ed proti \u0161ikan\u011b. P\u0159esto\u017ee je ot\u00e1zkou, zda je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0161ikanu na \u0161kol\u00e1ch v kapitalistick\u00e9m amor\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mu n\u011bjak \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bji \u0159e\u0161it, z\u016fsta\u0148me optimisty – p\u0159i dobr\u00e9 v\u016fli, snaze a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed anga\u017eovanosti st\u00e1tu aj. instituc\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 i za p\u0159isp\u011bni v\u00fd\u0161e navr\u017een\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f, je mo\u017en\u00e9 situaci minim\u00e1ln\u011b zlep\u0161it. <\/p>\n

Petr Sk\u00e1la, Ji\u0159\u00ed Noha <\/p>\n

\u00a0Z \u010dasopisu Mlad\u00e1 Pravda, \u010dasopisu Komunistick\u00e9ho svazu ml\u00e1de\u017ee, \u010d. 9\/2007
<\/em> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mo\u017en\u00e1 chod\u00edte kolem plak\u00e1t\u016f proti \u0161ikan\u011b, kter\u00e9 jsou v modr\u00e9m h\u00e1vu Nadace O2 um\u00edst\u011bny v\u0161ude kolem n\u00e1s. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika po<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/735"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=735"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/735\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=735"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=735"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=735"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}