{"id":972,"date":"2010-10-10T13:46:51","date_gmt":"2010-10-10T11:46:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2010\/10\/10\/stale-ivy-politicky-odkaz-kemala-atatuerka\/"},"modified":"2010-10-10T13:46:51","modified_gmt":"2010-10-10T11:46:51","slug":"stale-ivy-politicky-odkaz-kemala-atatuerka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/2010\/10\/10\/stale-ivy-politicky-odkaz-kemala-atatuerka\/","title":{"rendered":"St\u00e1le \u017eiv\u00fd politick\u00fd odkaz Kemala Atat\u00fcrka"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"justify\"> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.halonoviny.cz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-63\" src=\"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/11\/hano.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"hano\" title=\"hano\" hspace=\"5\" vspace=\"5\" width=\"100\" height=\"44\" align=\"left\" \/><\/a>Posledn\u00ed dobou se hodn\u011b hovo\u0159\u00ed o Turecku. A\u0165 ji\u017e v souvislosti s mo\u017enost\u00ed jeho vstupu do Evropsk\u00e9 unie, nebo kv\u016fli rozpor\u016fm, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 tato zem\u011b s Izraelem v souvislosti s ned\u00e1vn\u00fdm \u00fatokem izraelsk\u00e9ho komanda na plavidla s humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed pomoc\u00ed pro palestinskou Gazu, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m p\u0159i\u0161lo n\u011bkolik tureck\u00fdch civilist\u016f o \u017eivot.<\/span> <\/p>\n<p> <!--more--> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> Obecn\u011b vzato, Turecko d\u00e1v\u00e1 jasn\u011b najevo, \u017ee usiluje o to, aby bylo suver\u00e9nn\u00edm subjektem v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b respektuj\u00edc\u00ed demokratick\u00e9 hodnoty. Tato skute\u010dnost nespadla z nebe. I dne\u0161n\u00ed Turecko m\u00e1 toti\u017e odkud \u010derpat. Jsou to tradice spojen\u00e9 se \u017eivotem a d\u00edlem velk\u00e9ho tureck\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edka, jak\u00fdm byl Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, jen\u017e se po vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed Tureck\u00e9 republiky v roce 1923 stal jej\u00edm prvn\u00edm prezidentem. <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> \u00bbVzal n\u00e1rod, kter\u00fd po stalet\u00ed byl v hnilob\u011b, postavil jej na nohy, omyl mu tv\u00e1\u0159, obl\u00e9kl jej, p\u0159etvo\u0159il a p\u0159ivedl k pr\u00e1ci.\u00ab Tak se vyjad\u0159uje zn\u00e1m\u00fd britsk\u00fd historik John Gunther o tomto vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm tureck\u00e9m st\u00e1tn\u00edkovi, kter\u00fd si vytkl za c\u00edl &#8211; jak s\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1val &#8211; odstranit fez, kter\u00fd sed\u011bl na hlav\u00e1ch tureck\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda jako symbol neznalosti, zanedbanosti, fanatismu, nen\u00e1visti k pokroku k civilizaci, p\u0159ijmout m\u00edsto n\u011bj klobouk, pokr\u00fdvku hlavy, kterou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 cel\u00fd civilizovan\u00fd sv\u011bt, a uk\u00e1zat t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem, \u017ee tureck\u00fd n\u00e1rod se tak jako v jin\u00fdch ohledech ani sv\u00fdm sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00edm nijak neodchyluje od civilizovan\u00e9ho \u017eivota. <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> Pod veden\u00edm tohoto mu\u017ee byla ve dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch letech 20. stolet\u00ed v Turecku vskutku zah\u00e1jena modernizace \u017eivota zem\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b zru\u0161en\u00ed v\u0161ech oby\u010dej\u016f, zvyk\u016f a z\u00e1kon\u016f, je\u017e m\u011bly sv\u00e9 ko\u0159eny v dogmatick\u00e9m pojet\u00ed isl\u00e1mu a jeho\u017e jednou z viditeln\u00fdch zn\u00e1mek bylo i no\u0161en\u00ed fezu. Zru\u0161il tak\u00e9 isl\u00e1m jako st\u00e1tn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> Atat\u00fcrk\u016fv program vych\u00e1zel z n\u011bkolika hlavn\u00edch idej\u00ed, kter\u00fdm se za\u010dalo \u0159\u00edkat \u00bb\u0161est z\u00e1sad kemalismu\u00ab podle \u0161esti \u0161\u00edp\u016f ve stranick\u00e9m znaku &#8211; republik\u00e1nstv\u00ed, nacionalismus, lidovost, nad\u0159azenost st\u00e1tu nad n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm, reformy a etatismus. Kdy\u017e se Mustafa Kemal vyjad\u0159oval o zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9m etatismu, tak jej charakterizoval t\u011bmito slovy: <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> \u00bbSoukrom\u00e9 podnik\u00e1n\u00ed z\u016fstane i nad\u00e1le z\u00e1kladem tureck\u00e9ho ekonomick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Av\u0161ak v z\u00e1jmu p\u0159iveden\u00ed zem\u011b k prosperit\u011b v dob\u011b co nejkrat\u0161\u00ed p\u0159evezme st\u00e1t v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl v hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Role st\u00e1tu bude spo\u010d\u00edvat v povzbuzov\u00e1n\u00ed soukrom\u00fdch snah, regulaci i dohledu nad nimi a kone\u010dn\u011b v p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 aktivit\u011b, pokud to budou vy\u017eadovat z\u00e1jmy n\u00e1roda.\u00ab <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> Mustafa Kemal nasadil v\u0161echny p\u00e1ky, ve\u0161kerou svou energii, aby napomohl sv\u00e9 vlasti k modernizaci. Jako prvn\u00ed krok podnikl velice odv\u00e1\u017enou &#8211; a velice nebezpe\u010dnou \u2013 akci, kdy\u017e zru\u0161il chalif\u00e1t, jinak \u0159e\u010deno anuloval n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou moc osmansk\u00e9 monarchie. To se psal b\u0159ezen 1924. Byl p\u0159ipraven, \u017ee zru\u0161en\u00ed t\u00e9to p\u0159es 1300 let star\u00e9 tradice vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ve sv\u011bt\u011b isl\u00e1mu bou\u0159i. Tak\u00e9 k tomu do\u0161lo, ale Mustafa Kemal necouvl ani o centimetr. Posl\u00e9ze nechal z tureck\u00e9 \u00fastavy vy\u0161krtnout tezi, \u017ee \u00bbIsl\u00e1m je st\u00e1tn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed\u00ab. Toto v\u0161e prezident d\u011blal nikoliv kv\u016fli n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jako takov\u00e9mu, ale proto, \u017ee byl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den o odpov\u011bdnosti isl\u00e1mu za zaostalost zem\u011b. Podn\u00edtil p\u0159ijet\u00ed \u0159ady z\u00e1kon\u016f, podle kter\u00fdch bylo isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 civiln\u00ed, obchodn\u00ed a trestn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo nahrazeno legislativou evropsk\u00e9ho typu. Na\u0159\u00eddil, aby byly zru\u0161eny ok\u00e1zal\u00e9 projevy star\u00e9ho re\u017eimu, v\u010detn\u011b toho, \u017ee mu\u017e\u016fm zak\u00e1zal nosit fezy a \u017een\u00e1m z\u00e1voj. Rozum\u00ed se samosebou, \u017ee z\u00e1kon rovn\u011b\u017e zakazoval polygamii. A na po\u010d\u00e1tku t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let prosadil, aby \u017eeny m\u011bly volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo. Tak\u00e9 zru\u0161il kalend\u00e1\u0159 podle hid\u017ery, kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00ednal rokem 622, tedy odchodem proroka Mohameda z Mekky do Mediny. S\u00e1m \u0161el p\u0159\u00edkladem p\u0159i organizov\u00e1n\u00ed celost\u00e1tn\u00edho ta\u017een\u00ed za p\u0159em\u011bnu tureck\u00e9ho p\u00edsma na latinku, jej\u00ed\u017e pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bylo v zemi povinn\u00e9. Postaral se rovn\u011b\u017e o to, \u017ee naprosto povinn\u00e1 byla tak\u00e9 \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zka. Kemal mohl v\u0161echny tyto a dal\u0161\u00ed reformy prov\u00e1d\u011bt d\u00edky zcela v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9mu postaven\u00ed, jak\u00e9mu se t\u011b\u0161il v tureck\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. M\u011bl nap\u0159\u00edklad pr\u00e1vo jmenovat p\u0159edsedu vl\u00e1dy, kter\u00fdm byl jeho dlouholet\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtel z arm\u00e1dy (Ismet Pa\u0161a, jen\u017e p\u0159ijal jm\u00e9no In\u00f6n\u00fc). I kdy\u017e v\u0161echny jeho z\u00e1konn\u00e9 iniciativy musely b\u00fdt schv\u00e1leny parlamentem, kter\u00fd byl sestaven na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch voleb, tento z\u00e1konod\u00e1rn\u00fd sbor mu nekladl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd odpor, jeliko\u017e v zemi existoval pouze jeden politick\u00fd subjekt, a sice Kemalova Lidov\u00e1 strana. <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tureck\u00fd st\u00e1tn\u00edk a diplomat dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed dostal v roce 1934 jm\u00e9no Atat\u00fcrk (otec Turk\u016f). Zem\u0159el 10. listopadu 1938. <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.halonoviny.cz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hal\u00f3 noviny<\/a>, 23. 8. 2010 <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> Michal RYB\u00cdN <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Posledn\u00ed dobou se hodn\u011b hovo\u0159\u00ed o Turecku. A\u0165 ji\u017e v souvislosti s mo\u017enost\u00ed jeho vstupu do Evropsk\u00e9 unie, nebo kv\u016fli<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":63,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/972"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=972"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/972\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/63"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/novysmer.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}